The youth embody the dreams and hopes of a nation and therefore represent the most valuable asset in any country. In the course of their development, young people shape and sustain economic and social growth. Young people are active participants in both governmental and non-governmental organizations, civic groups, and private sector enterprises. Kuwait is a nation that has unique demographic characteristics with the median age of the population of just above 29 years.
Hence, a new paradigm that places the youth at the center of national issues is crucial for future growth and development. Young people have the power to influence all spheres of the country, including cultural, educational, artistic, political, and intellectual spheres, among others. Thus, their active participation in all political, social, and economic aspects of Kuwait is critical. This essay outlines youth activities in Kuwait their role in country development with specific attention to their involvement in social, economic, and political spheres of the country and explores the challenges they face.
Overview of Demographic Setting
The youth population profile in Kuwait is experiencing a steep growth (World Economic Forum). The number of young people defines the population structure and has a direct impact on future development. However, during their transition to adulthood, young people are faced with challenging economies, unemployment, political uncertainties, pressure from societies, and frustration caused by possible failures.
Source: “Kuwait Demographic Profile,” CIA World Factbook.
According to the Kuwait Demographics profile, the median age is 29 years whereby most females are approximately about 27 years while males have a median age of 30 years (“Kuwait Demographics profile 2016”). The youth account for a significant portion of the Kuwaiti population and in their development, activities, and advancement, they play a significant role in the long-term growth of Kuwait. About 33% of youth live in cities.
Civic awareness brought along by social and cultural change, rising level of education, youthful population, globalization, new social forces, and increased social network enhances advocacy for their rights. Additionally, while the awareness of government mismanagement, lack of financial transparency and heightened level of corruption lays additional burden on youth, it also forces them to be an instrument of change in Kuwait.
Participation in Political Life
Kuwaiti youth are actively involved in political matters. They actively participate in political restructuring. For instance, Kuwaiti youth activists played a role in the landmark 2011 resignation of prime minister and in 2005 electoral reform law. Youth leaders collaborate with parliamentarians, which boosts their chance of influencing the government. Kuwaiti youth continue to assert leadership in political change by pressing for a full parliamentary system. Concisely, the youth political movement has the mandate of holding the government accountable for their actions. Youth movements characterized the 2011 protests against election law (Ghabra par. 1).
The demonstrations aimed at pushing the government to rationalize political process, develop the country’s democracy, and introduce more freedom. The ruling family and the National Assembly typically collaborate to prevent political turmoil. However, the status quo held by the ruling family fails to nurture a democratic culture. There has been a stalemate between the royal family and the parliament for ages while the political system has been deteriorating with no formal political party. The youth takes the initiative to advocate for radical reforms and break the impasse between both authorities.
Progress in Reaching Democratic System
In 2011, some youth groups led unparalleled pro-democracy protests and later formed a single party that intensified their reforms. The Democratic Civil Movement (DCM), the only movement party, called on all youths to participate in the changes (“Kuwaiti Youth Groups Merge Into One Party”). The reforms aimed at advocating for parliamentary system change that allowed the prime minister to be appointed from the ruling family, Al-Sabah. Besides, they advocated for changes in the election laws that would transform the Kuwaiti political system into a single electoral constituency (“Kuwaiti Youth Groups Merge Into One Party” par. 3). Remarkably, the youth groups played a significant role in the subsequent resignation of the Prime Minister. The youth proved to be organized, active, eager, and ready for change. The participants showed consistency of actions and understanding that political movements are based on initiatives that are necessary for the whole nation. Therefore, with most of the people in Kuwait being under 29 years, the youth are expected to play a significant role in shaping political processes of the future (Dickinson par. 18).
The changing political environment requires the youth to fight for their rights and engage in initiatives that would lead to the path of democracy. Combating corruption, transforming authority and tackling the issue of enfranchisement are some of the areas Kuwaiti politics center upon. Youth movements try to get things moving in Kuwait by strengthening the parliament and advocating for the constructive national building. The youth have the power to change the regime of Kuwait into a constitutional monarchy. While the move will likely be faced with setbacks, the growing recognition of activist groups and the increasing influence of parliament, it could be possible. A youth with shared vision can lead Kuwait to necessary changes. The next generation of leaders stems from the young people who appear to be stronger in their pursuit for full democracy. Ghabra affirms that partial freedom of Kuwait breeds crises and stresses the need for political reforms (par. 16). He exemplifies it with the active youth involvement in voting system in 2005, where it was agreed the country would be divided into five districts and four equal votes (Ghabra par. 23).
The mixed youth movements comprise of parties such as Hadam, Nahj, Muslim Brotherhood, Salafi movement, Tajamu, and Salafi group. The above youth parties have slowly gained experience in politics with a party like Hadam having its own platform that pushes for constitutional amendments. In addition, many of the said groups have already proven their worth by organizing a number of effective non-violent protests and events, although it should be acknowledged that some encounters with authorities ended in traumatic clashes and acquittal of the activists. Nevertheless, with the short-term goal of holding the government accountable for its action, the youth movement has its impact on the government to promote full democracy.
Extremist and Terrorist Activities
Kuwaiti youth fight extremism and terror activities of the country (“Terrorism, Extremism Threats to Society” par. 1). Remarkably, there is youth panel supported by the ministry of information and youth affairs that decries extremism and violence (“Terrorism, Extremism Threats to Society” par. 1). The responsibilities of youth panel include discussion, development, and adoption of anti-terrorism mechanisms, which also helps in adopting youth related policies. By extension, such activities help preventing the young people from engaging in terrorist and extremist activities. The youth are actively involved in fighting terrorism and extremism by volunteering and coming up with innovative ideas. Terrorism and extremism are critical threats to global peace and security.
While every nation in the world is susceptible to this risk, Kuwait’s geopolitical location in the Middle East makes the eradication of these vices a first-hand priority. Kuwait is committed to fighting extremism in the Gulf region by implementing security measures to prevent terrorist attacks (“US State Department Report on Terrorism 2014 – Kuwait” par.3). In this fight, the youth play the role of enforcing security measures and reporting suspected terrorist activities. For instance, the broadcasts by Kuwait Radio contribute to countering radicalization and prevent violence and extremism by spreading information (“US State Department Report on Terrorism 2014 – Kuwait” par. 8).
Governmental Impact
Youth leagues advocate for financial disclosure and transparency of information in the government sector. In addition, youth leagues advocate for fair political practice and fight political intolerance and a culture of intolerance. The members of such pro-social organizations as Kuwait Graduates Society (KGS) and Kuwait Transparency Society (KTS) pursue the promotion of transparency in politics, development of a more integrated society, and equal access to information. The particular efforts towards the enhancement of democracy undertaken by KTS include the refinement of law and establishment of the General Anti-Corruption Authority that is responsible for the protection of whistleblowers and victims of corruption, as well as enabling disclosure of financial statements at the higher organizational levels (Alghazali par. 9).
At the same time, KGS is responsible for the organization of training seminars aimed to improve political literacy and enhance electoral monitoring practices in the country (Markakis 171). The activists aim to combat corruption through networking and establishment of partnerships with legislators and government (Alghazali par. 5). The targets which KGS and KTS try to contribute to the development of democratic state and demolition of unjust and unethical practices at both political and social levels. As mentioned by Alghazali, without pursuing integrity and combat corruption, there is no possibility for a sound national development (par. 5).
Role of youth in Economic Domain
Kuwait has a dynamic economic environment with its youth aspiring to pursue their career pathways and contribute to well-being of society. Kuwaiti government is committed to supporting the youth’s spirit with a special emphasis on development of private enterprises. The emergence of private sector in the country’s economy is important as means of diversifying the economic landscape and, by extension, improving its integrity and stability. For this reason government issues strong support for youth engaging in economic activities through providing incentives, structural and technical assistance, and modifying existing policies to create a more welcoming economic climate.
Governmental Support
According to Booz and Company, the current economic conditions still pose barriers to entry for young participants, including regulatory issues, high cost of living, inadequate education, and comparatively restrictive policies (5). Therefore, the government actively supports the youth involved in entrepreneurial activities. The National Fund for SMEs Development enacted in 2013 assists the population in economic affairs to minimize unemployment and enhance economic growth through the expansion of the sector (par. 1). The fund significantly helps feasible businesses as well as builds an innovative environment for young people. The government input to the national fund (KD25.6 billion or $7 billion budget) boosts an economic environment that becomes supportive to youth startups. Besides, Kuwaiti tech industry is booming and social media penetration in society provides an ecosystem for entrepreneurialism. The combination of these factors contributes to the youth’s capacity of shaping an economical landscape, which can be seen in their desire in creating new opportunities in entrepreneurship.
The Ministry of State for Youth Affairs adopted a slogan “Don’t worry, be an entrepreneur” in their movement of promoting entrepreneurship. The campaign fostered by the Entrepreneurship Center aims at supporting innovative youth in their ambition of creating their own businesses. Specifically, the Center offers training, technical assistance, and enactment of intellectual and professional standards (“Ministry Youth Promotes Entrepreneurship” par. 3). Economic Empowerment is a national duty and the ministry of youth affairs, National Youth Association, the ministry of information and media society are collaborating to ensure creative works in all Kuwaiti communities. The public and private sector actively fund and support entrepreneurship activities and spirit. The decline in unemployment can be attributed to the government efforts in enhancing entrepreneurship and in providing funds to assist the development of small and medium enterprises.
Oil Industry Issues
The involvement of youth can change the current economic instability resulting from over-reliance on oil. Significantly, the Kuwait banking sector offsets both the social and economic development of the region. The investment offers employment and new opportunities for youth personal growth (“Kuwait’s Economy Extends Beyond Oil” par. 1). Admittedly, the current progress is still relatively minor as the industry still lacks innovative advancements and inventive solutions; however, the youth participation has a perspective of intervening and building of stronger institutions.
This, in turn, visibly depends on the current bureaucracy level and restrictions on the private sector which, while not favorable, show some improvements. One such way to promote Kuwait long-term growth is the diversification of economy. Booz and Company note that Kuwait as oil dependent nation needs to diversify its economies (7). This can be achieved by the introduction of progressive ideas and innovative strategies by young specialists. Notably, “BLOG: Youth in Kuwait Advocate for Entrepreneurial Economic Growth” notes that youth community throughout the sector are being engaged in promoting home businesses (par. 1).
As mentioned above, the Kuwait public sector remains the primary employer, and this has driven the youth to enter markets with low risks. To create the workforce which can operate within this unfamiliar environment, the community projects train the young entrepreneurs to think critically, harness their skills, and transform their ideas into actions. Importantly, such setting also demands the climate favorable to innovation, free from excessive restriction and with relevant monitoring tools. This mode of the system gives the youth entrepreneurial freedom. The collective effort in encouraging small business growth is expected to create a dynamic economy that does not rely on oil as a sole resource. Besides, with an educated youth Kuwaiti is at an advantage in diversifying the economy.
Role of Innovation
Along with the diversification of entrepreneurial activities in the country, the government and some large business actors in the private sector emphasize the importance of increased innovativeness in youth. Innovation is an essential quality of productive entrepreneurship, and is key to any favorable changes in the economy. In 2015, Information and Youth Affairs Minister Sheikh Salman Al-Humoud Al-Sabah launched the national award for youth excellence and innovativeness, which covers many fields including entrepreneurship (“Minister Launches Kuwait’s Award for Youth Excellence” par. 1). The large Kuwaiti private enterprises, such as Zain, encourage youth’s business creativity and enthusiasm towards entrepreneurial activities by sponsoring the promising projects developed by young people (“Zain Key Supporter of Youth Innovation Initiatives” par. 2). In this way, both private and public sector support the development of youth and may contribute to the positive change within the society and economy.
Social Activities
Youth social activities range from volunteering activities and community outreach to charity. Lothan Youth Achievement Center (LoYac) is among the organizations working towards youth development in Kuwait. The youth aged 6-30 are supported by LoYac through programs that enhance personal growth and professional standards (“LoYac” par. 1). Young people are trained in schools and given opportunities that guide them into the professional world, with the primary vision of preserving the environment for future generations. The LoYac program increases personal awareness, enhances teamwork, communication skills, and humanitarian service.
Notably, the organization has a mission of reaching out to the community through volunteering activities. The young children engage in community outreach and help others through charity. The youth initiatives range from entrepreneurship to supporting the innovation by assisting the young people in turning their ideas into actions. At the same time, the youth identify social challenges and develop real solutions. LoYac through their program engages the youth in advocating for peace and finding a sense of purpose. The youth are presented with the opportunity to engage in drama, performing acts, and physical activities to improve their well-being and unleash their creativity.
Al-Nakib noted that in 2013, at a conference titled al-Kuwait tisma or Kuwait Listens was held by the National Youth Project (14). In this regard, the project encouraged the young people to participate in state issues and thus strengthen their national identity, promote social cohesion, improve tolerance and diversity, inhibit extremist activities, and acknowledge universal freedoms such as freedom of speech.
Youth association of Kuwait is a notable movement that has had significant strides in its activities. The association aims at building a generation of youth that can achieve their full potential, participate in community service, and meet their goals. Moreover, the movement focuses on youth activism, education, and unemployment issues. The association central slogan is social democracy as well as improving the social and cultural situation of Kuwaiti young people.
Youth support can help the nation eliminate divisions and inequalities, shape national identities, and offer new opportunities for growth. Thus, the social movement aims at seeking equality and reducing alienation and deprivation. Some political groups such as the National Alliance, Democratic forum, and certain Islamic groups recognize the power of the youth and continuously advocate for reforms on their behalf (Ghabrapar. 12). Despite the government spending on socioeconomic systems, youth aspirations are yet to be met particularly for those who seek economic empowerment and social recognition.
Women Leadership Activities
Kuwait appreciates the role of young women in economic development. Remarkably, young Arab women leaders’ eighth forum was held in Kuwait in 2016. Ministry of state for Youth Affairs and other international bodies supported the conference with the aim of empowering young women entrepreneurs in public life and their leadership role. The meeting highlighted success stories, prospects for growth, challenges in the business world, and widening of the roles of young women, and the youth on the whole. Young women leaders were encouraged to take advantage of technological opportunities and social media. The 2015 Global Gender Gap Report ranks the Kuwaiti women as the highest working among Arab states (“AIWF Holds Successful Young Arab Women Leaders” par. 4).
It should be acknowledged that despite notable progress there exists a gender gap in Kuwait that still limits the economic development. There are discrepancies in gender expectation whereby young women desire to be supported but there is still reluctance from men to support their initiatives. Thus, to achieve the desired goals in the development of the country, the government should encourage greater women representation in the political and public life of the country.
The Kuwaiti government should promote greater social empowerment of women by strengthening their rights in politics and providing them with opportunities to influence the decision-making activities. Since the youth will determine how gender is perceived and can help break the existing stereotypes that interfere with equal representation of women in leadership and many other professions, the national authorities must continually show their commitment to educating girls and young women on the equal and non-discriminatory basis. Moreover, the government should also be committed to appointing the highly educated Kuwaiti women to leadership roles in all sectors including education. In this way, it will be possible to attain gender equity inherent with democracy.
Improvements in Education
The Kuwaiti education is another sphere requiring positive changes. Education plays a vital role in providing youth with opportunities to become successful and dispelling the existing social stereotypes. The educational reform is in the interests of the young people because learning and teaching serve as the basis for forming a highly professional workforce. Nowadays, the Kuwaiti educational system cannot meet the contemporary requirements imposed by the ever-changing global environment and, therefore, the substantial changes are needed (Winokur 121). In order to improve educational outcomes, many higher institutions in the country enhance their quality culture and transform the academic programs to increase their capacity of developing the 21st-century skills in students.
Creative and critical thinking, organizational behavior, leadership, communication, technology knowledge are among the essential traits which every graduate should have (Winokur 121). Moreover, these skills are tied to successful entrepreneurship which, as was mentioned above, contributes to improvement of the economic situation in the country. Over time, the Kuwaiti policy makers managed to demonstrate significant progress in developing knowledge among youth. However, there is still a lot they need to do to sustain the positive changes made in the education system.
In addition to the efforts oriented towards the increase of innovativeness in entrepreneurship, the government encourages creativity in other spheres including architecture, design, arts, sports, voluntary activities, culture, and media (“Minister Launches Kuwait’s Award for Youth Excellence” par. 1). By launching the annual reward for excellence among 14-34 years old Kuwaitis, the authorities strive to boost the development of younger generations and increase their contribution towards national sustainability.
Youth Trends
Sports
A combination of conditions created to support youth development and creativity can be traced in several trends observed in the country today. A growing trend of engagement in sports activities is among the most prominent. Organizations such as the Premier Sport Academy get strong financial and organizational support from major sponsors including Porsche Centre Kuwait, Behbehani Motors Company, Sports Direct, and cooperate with Everton F.C. to ensure safe and involving environment (“Nothing But The Best For P.S.A. Rising Soccer Stars.”).
In addition to supporting physical development and provide motivation for young population, the trend also has visible influence in social sphere. Most notably, it offers opportunities for female population to promote gender equality. The recent women’s soccer tournament, Footb(ball) for All, hosted by a social enterprise 80 Percent, provided an opportunity for more than 100 female athletes to participate (Hurd). This is an important step forward, as the female population is known to experience difficulties in accessing sports domain. In addition, according to Najat AlSayegh, who works for the Kuwaiti public authority of youth, greater interest in sports is expected to improve public health, mostly by decreasing the high rates of obesity among the population (Hurd).
Charity
Another trend is a significant shift towards charitable events and humanitarian activities among Kuwaiti youth. One example of such events is the humanitarian and voluntary initiatives award launched and maintained by the Arab forum launched (“Arab Forum Launches Youth Voluntary, Humanitarian Initiatives Award” par.2).
Another notable initiative that supports the trend is Operation Hope, which conducts grassroots charity and provides material and social aid for the impacted segment. The intended audience includes jail inmates, immigrants, and shelter wards (“7 Charitable Organizations” par. 1). Another organization run primarily by the enthusiastic youth is Equait Kuwait that promotes social equality and respect for all residents of the nation irrespective of their lifestyles. The youth-driven organization aims to make the Kuwaiti environment safe, open, and accepting to all by personifying respect (“7 Charitable Organizations” par. 3).
Alnowair, on the other hand, plans events that enlighten the youth particularly the importance of adopting a positive attitude in life. The primary purpose of the project is the promotion of positive social attitudes and vital values such as kindness, gratitude, and truthfulness among the young Kuwaiti people (“Alnowair” par. 2). Alnowair launches multiple conferences and parades in which anyone can participate. Alnowair activities emphasize the importance of mindfulness and positive thinking in any endeavors aimed to bring positive changes in the community or the world as a whole.
Travel
In accord with global trend of internationalization and diversity, Kuwaiti youth also formed OXadventure, an organization which provides opportunities for young people to go abroad with educational purposes. Currently, OXadventure has developed accredited internship programs in several Kuwaiti universities. The program increases familiarity of Kuwaiti youth with global issues and solutions, diversifies their knowledge, enriches worldview, and, most importantly, provides them with necessary leadership skills necessary for further development of the country. Ultimately, such approach offers the opportunity for youth to fulfill their aspirations while at the same time providing their country with relevant global experience.
Environmental Activism among Youth
Youth also plays a considerable role in activities which address environmental issues. These activities include participation in existing government and internationally funded projects and forming activist groups. For example, Kuwait water Association (KWA), a non-profit non-governmental organization dedicated to protecting the water resources in Kuwait, cooperates with young people who are interested in raising awareness about the state of water resources and guiding a series of local-level projects (“Paid Internship at Kuwait Water Association (KWA) in Kuwait”).
The organization is responsible for promotion and eventual adoption of international water and environmental standards, cooperation with policymakers to support sustainable practices with relevant policy updates, and establishing communication channels between economic and environmental sector to ensure the synchronicity of practices without the introduction of setbacks. In addition, some of the projects are aimed at education of the younger audience and involve cooperation with school educators to modify the existing curriculum as well as developing additional educational events and workshops (“Paid Internship at Kuwait Water Association (KWA) in Kuwait”).
In accord with the KWA’s projects, some of the youth activities are aimed specifically at education. According to the consensus, the outdated information about the environmental protection measures and the technology’s impact on the ecological state usually leads to poor understanding of the importance of environmental issues, and the teachers do not usually help students to obtain direct experiences and develop critical thinking skills needed to question the traditional practices and reflect on the values of environmental protection (Winokur 119). For this reason, several civic youth-oriented programs include environmental considerations as a part of their activities. For instance, Kuwait Critical Thinking Project (n-mu) lists environmental protection among the issues which are to be prioritized by the Kuwaiti youth.
According to the n-mu team, the development of critical thinking skills and civic literacy adds to the youth’s potential for improving the environmental situation in the country. (“Creating a Community of Change in Kuwait” par. 2). Their efforts contribute to the creation of an engaged Kuwaiti society and promote positive practices such as recycling and redistribution of waste. Among the n-mu achievements is a recently launched Green Bag Q8 project, aimed at distribution and promotion of reusable bags in local community. Another project by n-mu, Sustainable Youth Q8, promotes active lifestyle by organizing events such as recent 5K marathon – the first event of such kind in Kuwait (“Creating a Community of Change in Kuwait” par. 4).
Some of the groups take a more direct approach, such as the Green Line Environmental Group Kuwait. It is an independent group of activists organized by Khalid M. Al-Hajeri in 2001 (“Green Line Environmental Group Kuwait.”). Its goals include promotion of interest in environmental questions, raising public awareness, and increasing participation in events beneficial for environmental protection (“Green Line Environmental Group Kuwait.”). The reported achievements by the group include the uncovering of several major violations of environmental regulations which pose serious threat to the health of local residents and successful establishment of communication with government officials (“Green Line Environmental Group Kuwait.”).
Finally, the Kuwait government offers strong support to youth environmental activism through the UNDP Program, the goals of which include the development of institutional capacity for environmental management, improvement of ecological services, and control of pollution and waste (UNDP 13). Both the established youth activist groups and the potential young participants are regarded as key players in the realization of the formulated objectives. Notable contributions of youth to the realization of UNDP strategies include the successful organization of Earth Hour, during which local businesses and households were encouraged to turn off unessential lights, thus reducing energy consumption and raising public awareness (). The event was promoted and directed by the Kuwaiti Team for Global Warming, formed by the students of Kuwait University, which also organizes lectures and seminars on the causes and effects of global warming and climate change (“Kuwait Celebrates Successful Earth Hour”).
Conclusion
Kuwait is currently experiencing a number of changes in economic, political, and social spheres, with many issues still remaining unaddressed. These include the economic risks of economic over-reliance on oil industry, the pursuit of democracy, existing gender inequalities, and environmental issues. On the other hand, Kuwait’s unique demographical background offers unprecedented opportunities for development. The country has a relatively young median population age of 29 years. The conducted research confirms the suggestion that younger population is more likely to engage in progressive actions, innovative practices, and active participation in social activities. The current political landscape of the country demonstrates strong involvement of youth organizations and movements which strive towards full democratic system.
The economic sphere, which is experiencing an influx of enterprises founded by youth, becomes gradually more favorable for the emergence of SMEs in the private sector which are expected to strengthen and stabilize the economy. Most importantly, the social sphere displays numerous signs of involvement of young citizens, such as the emergence of charity and humanitarian organizations and activist groups initiated and run by students. Most of these organizations have overall positive effect on the well-being of the community and allow for modernization of the country. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that youth already demonstrates visible contribution to the country’s development both by individual and collective means of influence. Under the condition of continuous support from the government it is possible to predict this trend to persist. Kuwait is experiencing dynamic changes, youth is currently its best way to sustain and expand the rate of achievement.
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