Space Science and Technology Development in the UAE Thesis

Abstract

The UAE is one of the fast-evolving nations characterized by a constantly increasing participation in the international discourse. The rich natural resources and the beneficial geographic location allow the country to develop its economy and create the basis for future development. The UAE is one of the leaders in its region regarding investing in the science field and innovative projects.

At the same time, it leads to the state’s inclusion in global processes. For this reason, the given study focuses on investigating the role of space science and technology development in the UAE and their contribution to the development of international relations. The study aims at investigating the current state of the outlined fields in the UAE, its perspectives, and how they facilitate the state’s transformation into a significant global partner.

Regarding the given purpose, the two research questions are formulated. They are introduced to determine how the nation establishes its international relationship by using science and what impact this process has on its future. The significance of these questions is linked to the necessity to outline the current scope of the UAE’s scientific advances and their importance to the future nation’s growth. The literature review conducted to answer the research questions proves the constantly growing role of the UAE in international science. Most authors agree that the state’s space science and technology benefit from the solid investment offered by the government. Looking for international partners to acquire needed experiences, the UAE establishes the basis for new projects. At the same time, discussions at the international level lead to the country’s recognition. IN such a way, the study proves the UAE’s increasing importance in the international scientific field.

Introduction

For several decades, UAE has been experiencing radical changes in numerous fields. The focus on diversification of the economy and reduction of dependence on oil created the basis for the fast evolution of science. The focus on the given field became beneficial in several ways as it promoted the evolution of revenue and served as a vital component in forming international alliances and partnerships with multiple countries. Furthermore, the UAE Vision 2021 states that “Innovation, research, science, and technology will form the pillars of a knowledge-based, highly productive and competitive economy, driven by entrepreneurs in a business-friendly environment where public and private sectors form effective partnerships” (“UAE Vision 2021,” 2018, para. 3) It means the country will continue to develop its technologies as an integral part of its future.

Space science is also viewed as a critically important sphere. It is connected to other innovations in various fields, such as health, transportation, environment, industry, and security (United Arab Emirates the Cabinet, 2022). For this reason, the UAE leadership focuses on the given sphere by investing in it and encouraging international cooperation. By creating international groups, the country creates the basis for experience and knowledge sharing and supports its incentives aimed at developing aerospace and technology sectors.

In such a way, the scope of change the UAE experiences at the moment and the country’s desire to continue the transformation to enter the international level offer a research opportunity. It can help to acquire a better vision of processes occurring within the state and their links with global intercourse. For this reason, the following research questions to address the selected issue can be offered:

• How does UAE establish its international relationship through technology and space science?
• What impact have technological and space science efforts in UAE had on its international relationships?

The first question will refer to the specific focuses in terms of investments and objectives when it comes to tech advances and space exploration and studies. Moreover, the question will help assess specific alliances and global organizations that the UAE operates in regarding the research subject. The second research question will be answered and examined regarding the effects of cooperation and competitiveness concerning space science and technological development. In general, the given research questions will help to conduct an in-depth and comprehensive investigation of the UAE space science and technology sector and how they facilitate the international partnership.

The research questions are supported by the following objectives:

• to evaluate the current state of the UAE’s technology and space science
• to outline the current UAE’s role in international alliances and organizations
• to determine the impact of technological and space science efforts in the UAE on its future development and global relations
• to discuss the UAE’s perspectives at the global level regarding the sphere of space science
• to create the basis for new research projects devoted to the same issue

By achieving the objectives and answering the research questions, the study will create improved knowledge on the issue and help to determine the current role science plays in the UAE and its international efforts. The qualitative research paradigm is selected as the approach to collect and process necessary data.

Significance of the Research

The choice of the topic for investigation is explained by the significance of the research issue and its relevance. For this reason, the proposed study will contribute to the field in several ways. First, it will outline the existing international relations the UAE has with partners from different states and how space science contributes to the establishment of these bonds. It is vital to reveal the mechanism of interactions and how they emerge under the impact of current goals in the field of technology. Second, the study will demonstrate the scope of the UAE’s technological and space science advances and their contribution to the state’s recognition at the international level. It will lead to an enhanced vision of the country’s existing programs and its plans for future development. Finally, the gaps in understanding how cooperation and competition in space science influence the UAE’s technological development will also be fulfilled. In such a way, the significance of the research is linked to the topicality of the selected issue and its importance for the state’s evolution.

In such a way, the proposed study focuses on investigating space science and technology in the UAE and their role as facilitators of international relations. The formulated research questions are supported by the qualitative methods and literature review as the primary data collection tool. The study will help to acquire an improved vision of how the UAE evolves, transformations within the country, and its role in the global intercourse associated with its current advances. At the same time, it can create the basis for future research devoted to the same topic.

Methodology

The methodology of the proposed study is explained by its purpose, research questions, and objectives linked to them. Thus, the primary goal of the study is to investigate space science and technology in the UAE and their role in promoting international collaboration. As stated previously, the following research questions are offered:

• How does UAE establish its international relationship through technology and space science?
• What impact have technological and space science efforts in UAE had on its international relationships?

They are also supported by the research objectives focused on improving the understanding of the current UAE state and its progress in the discussed spheres. For this reason, the qualitative analytical research paradigm is employed as the primary data collection and processing tool. It can help to acquire the necessary information and analyze it to ensure the correct vision of the investigated topic is acquired.

The choice of the qualitative paradigm is explained by several factors. First of all, the approach involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data linked to a particular phenomenon (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). It promotes a better understanding of opinions, concepts, or experiences linked to it. Moreover, the qualitative method offers higher flexibility levels and can be adapted to various conditions and patterns. At the same time, data collection occurs in the real world, which is vital for results (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). In such a way, applying the qualitative research paradigm seems relevant to the study. It will promote the better collection of objective data linked to the issue and its analysis.

The qualitative paradigm is supported by the analytical method to increase the relevance and significance of findings. The given approach involves using critical thinking skills and evaluating facts and information pertaining to the issue under research (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). As a result, the researcher acquires a chance to conduct an in-depth investigation of a particular phenomenon by using relevant and credible sources. As for the given research study, the analytical research method ensures that the field of science in the UAE will be investigated using critical thinking and evaluation. Most significant facts associated with the work and development of the given sphere will be assessed to answer the research questions and meet the study’s objectives. In such a way, the qualitative analytical research paradigm is viewed as an effective tool for working with the necessary data.

Thus, literature, relevant information, and data will be examined, summarized, and illustrated regarding the current technological and space science advancements in UAE and the phenomenon in a global context. Qualitative analytical research implies that relevant literature will be assessed, and the key components will be determined (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). As a result, the methodology will allow for data to be conceptualized and the research subject to be addressed appropriately. Moreover, the qualitative data will facilitate a complex overview of the topic from multiple perspectives. First, advances in technology and space science will be assessed. Moreover, the role of the UAE scientific community and objectives will be examined from an international perspective. Thus, a qualitative analysis will be an effective method of determining complex processes that are interconnected in terms of the aim to join scientistic alliances, space programs, and similar organizations with international members. Moreover, the literature review becomes the primary data collection tool helping to select credible sources and formulate a theoretical framework for the investigation.

The conceptual and theoretical frameworks of the study are formed by several assumptions. First, the achievement of national objectives by addressing international ones establishes a conceptual framework. Technological and space advantages of the UAE and the alteration of the state’s role in science alliances at the global arena because of the country’s progress form the basis of the conceptual framework. At the same time, the theoretical framework rests on the assumption that the change in the field of science promotes the revitalization of other spheres and increases the state’s importance and its role at the international level (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). For this reason, focusing on analyzing the relevant literature, it is possible to discuss the selected research issue regarding the offered paradigm.

Altogether, qualitative analytical research will be performed to answer the research questions formulated above and meet the study’s objectives. The approach is chosen because of its effectiveness in processing the current body of literature linked to a specific problem and the ability to outline tendencies and regularities influencing the sphere. Under these conditions, reviewing the current literature related to UAE science and global participation, the study will outline the correlation between the two investigated phenomena and contribute to their better understanding, vital for the research. The offered research paradigms rest on the existing tendencies within a state and the idea that the alteration in one sphere will trigger the appropriate change in another, which is critical for the overall progress.

Literature Review

Introduction

The UAE is one of the fast-evolving states in the modern world. The country emerged as the federation of emirates in 1971, with Ras Al Khaimah which joined in 1972, and managed to transform into one of the most powerful economies and actors at the international level (“United Arab Emirates country brief,” n.d.). At the moment, it is the Middle East’s third-largest economy and one of the wealthiest economies regarding numerous showings (“United Arab Emirates country brief,” n.d.). In 2021, its GDP comprised $410.2 billion, and its growth estimated at 2.2% (“United Arab Emirates country brief,” n.d.). The country also has 6% of the global oil reserves and 17th natural gas reserves (“United Arab Emirates country brief,” n.d.). It serves as the powerful stimuli for the rise of the state and the evolution of its industrial sector. However, the UAE also focuses on diversifying its economy and industry to reduce its dependence on gas and oil. As a result, much attention is given to science and technology as the methods to attain existing goals.

The UAE’s government plays an active role in developing the state and diversification processes. For this reason, it introduces several plans and regulations to address the most topical aspects and set milestones that should be achieved. For instance, the UAE Vision 2021 was introduced by H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum as a document outlining the important priorities for the future state’s evolution. These include world-class medicine, a competitive knowledge economy, safe public and fair judiciary, an outstanding education system, and a sustainable environment (U.AE, 2022b). Achieving the given goals is critical for the UAE’s further evolution and the rise and the improvement of the citizens’ quality of life. However, all priorities imply the extensive use of innovations and technology to create a competitive economy, healthcare, and sustainable environment (“UAE Vision 2021,” 2018). Under these conditions, the country’s scientific evolution became an integral part of its future and programs outlining its future goals.

For this reason, to ensure the state has all available resources and programs to meet the goals outlined above, the National Advanced Sciences Agenda 2031 was introduced. The given document helps to create the framework for utilizing the advanced sciences to create solutions for the future challenges the UAE might face (U.AE, 2022b). It also helps to support the government’s incentives outlined in the Vision 2021 and the Centennial Plan 2071 (U.AE, 2021e). In accordance with the Agenda 2031, the state has eight scientific priorities focusing on using all state’s natural resources (U.AE, 2021a). The priorities include:

• national capacity-building
• promoting the sustainable energy sector
• enhancing water security using advanced and clean technology
• developing an advanced scientific food security system
• addressing health challenges in the UAE through a national scientific system
• developing advanced industries sector
• building a system of logistical support based on scientific studies and data
• creating a strategic industries complex (U.AE, 2021a)

Thus, the development of the scientific sector is viewed as the major determinant of success necessary for building the nation and its recognition at the international level. For this reason, the UAE invests in technology and the scientific sphere to create the basis for its future evolution.

Space exploration is also viewed as one of the significant state’s goals. The rich natural resources and the focus on science facilitate the evolution of the sphere, and its becoming more important for the UAE’s recognition at the international level. The UAE Centennial Plan 2071 also implies focusing on the four pillars, such as a government focused on the future, excellent education, a diversified economy, and a happy society (U.AE, 2021e). Space science can be viewed as a part of this program as it is an inevitable part of the state’s future. In such a way, the existing literature and numerous governmental reports emphasize the UAE’s focus on promoting its space science and making it a part of its international relations with other states.

The UAE Space Agency

The country’s focus on exploring space and launching numerous projects in this sphere resulted in the creation of the main body responsible for this sphere. The United Arab Emirates Space Agency (UAESA) was founded by the government in 2014 as a result of the state’s decision to develop its space industry. The primary goal of the organization is supporting, fostering, and regulating a sustainable evolution of the space sector in the UAE to make it competitive with other world-class space sectors (UAE Space Agency, n.d.). At the same time, the agency has numerous opportunities for participating in different academic programs, both domestic and foreign ones, and building new partnerships vital for the rise of the sector (UAE Space Agency, n.d.). As a result, UAESA became an essential facilitator of positive change in the sphere of space science and international relations.

The agency introduced the fundamental goals that should be achieved to ensure the further development of the sphere. These included:

• to develop a world-class national space sector
• to facilitate scientific research and innovation as the basis of space science and technology
• to encourage young Emiratis to become space scientists
• to create the basis for international cooperation and partnership (UAE Space Agency, n.d.)

The given objectives show that the UAESA is transforming into an important actor facilitating the evolution of science and supporting the UAE’s efforts at the international level. In fact, the agency became one of the central tools for enhancing its global efforts and becoming a part of the international discourse (UAE Space Agency, n.d.). The planned projects and incentives supported by the UAE government are critical for the rise of a scientific field.

The critical role of the UAESA in supporting the nation’s efforts in entering the global level is evidenced by the first partnerships formed soon after the agency’s establishment. Thus, in 2015, the UAE and France became partners in the sphere of space due to the agreement between the UAESA and the National Centre for Space Studies (CNES), the French government space agency focused on exploring space and promoting the development of appropriate technologies (Air&Cosmos International, n.d.). Furthermore, the UAESA also made an agreement with the United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA), an executive agency of the UK responsible for the country’s civil space incentive (UAE Space Agency, n.d.). The given partnerships helped to establish the basis for international cooperation and the UAE’s growing role as the spacefaring nation focused on investigating the Universe.

In such a way, the establishment and the functioning of the UAESA can be viewed as an essential step toward facilitating and improving the space sector of the UAE. In accordance with the current vision and plans, the agency will take part in international projects linked to space exploration and approved by the Cabinet (Hashmi, 2018). Furthermore, it will represent the nation at international forums and space conventions to cultivate and expand existing knowledge (UAE Space Agency, n.d.). At the same time, the UAESA is responsible for publications and information programs to promote a higher awareness of the space sector’s importance among the state population (UAE Space Agency, n.d.). In this regard, the agency is viewed as one of the major instruments for establishing international relations and developing science.

National Space Policy and Strategy

The UAE Space Agency was established as part of the UAE National Space policy, outlining the major goals and activities of the nation in the given sphere. Thus, the ultimate goal of the given plan is to create a strong and sustainable UAE space sector supporting and protecting the national interests and core industries (Government of Dubai, 2019). Moreover, it is viewed as a powerful diversification tool promoting the rise of the economy, boosting specialized competencies, and developing scientific and research capabilities (UAE Space Agency, n.d.). At the same time, the UAE emphasizes the necessity to cultivate a culture of innovation among its citizens as it would lead to a higher level of involvement among the youth and ensure the constant income of new specialists (U.AE, 2022a). For this reason, the space sector plays an important role in the state’s evolution.

The National Policy also focuses on cultivating global collaboration as the core demand for the sustainable and continuous rise of the space sector. The UAE decided to take part in the international efforts to explore Mars and its atmosphere using the first Islamic probe named Hope as a reflection of the Arab and Muslim youth’s expectations (Government of Dubai, 2019). However, the ambitious project required specific skills and knowledge the UAE lacked at the moment (U.AE, 2021c). It contributed to the increased attention given to international collaboration as the significant source of knowledge needed to support the evolution of the space sector and its rise. As a result, the UAE’s international activity became closely linked to the exploration of space and the rise of its scientific sphere.

The UAE Space Agency also introduced the National Space Strategy 2030, the core document regulating the state’s efforts in the given sphere and methods to achieve the current goals. Based on the existing and relevant objectives, the agency establishes the regulatory framework for the rise of the space sector, and its becoming a powerful tool to foster the rise of the local economy (U.AE, 2021c). The national space policy discussed above is viewed as a necessary condition for improving the outcomes in the given sphere and guaranteeing the UAE continues to evolve in the selected direction. At the same time, the increased attention to the given sphere means there is a higher opportunity for participating in the international activities linked to the same problem and sphere.

Another critical aspect of the UAE space strategy is its alignment with international regulations and agreements. The work of the UAESA and the introduction of the specific regulations make the country a member of the Treaty on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space, the Liability Treaty, the Space Objects Registration Treaty, and the International Radio Regulations (U.AE, 2021c). Inclusion in the work of these organizations means that the UAE transforms into a potent actor at the international level with the ability to discuss the significant assumptions and take part in the decision-making (U.AE, 2022c). At the same time, it ensures that the nation and its specialists acquire access to valuable resources and knowledge vital for further evolution and becoming more effective in space exploration. In such a way, the existing policies and strategies, along with the work of the space agency, support the UAE’s focus on promoting space science and international collaboration.

National Space Program

The UAE also has introduced the National Space Programme focuses on supporting the evolution of the sphere. It emphasizes the necessity to prepare Emirati cadres specialized in airspace sciences (U.AE, 2021b). It is a core component of the state’s ability to explore the Universe and guarantee its becoming a spacefaring nation. The prepared and educated young Emirati cadres will execute the national space program and its major components, such as reaching Mars and building the first settlement there in 2117 (U.AE, 2021b). The given ambitious project requires significant resources and knowledge. For this reason, cooperation with other states possessing the necessary experience in the given field is viewed as the core component of the plan and the necessary conditions for successful evolution (U.AE, 2021b). The UAE encourages its science sector to participate in international space projects to develop.

As stated previously, the UAE National Space Programme introduces ambitious goals that should be achieved to ensure the evolution of the appropriate field of science and technology. Thus, the current mission implies the following purposes:

1. Realization of the first scientific city on the Red Planet as an important part of the Mars incentive. It requires laboratories to conduct experiments with zero gravity to create the scientific framework for constructing safe buildings on the red planed prepared for astronauts’ staying there (U.AE, 2021b). It means that appropriate spheres of science and technology will be developed to meet this goal.
2. Launching the Arab Space Discovery Program implying the generation and transfer of knowledge and experience within the Arab universities (U.AE, 2021b). It will help to align the effective collaboration between Arab researchers and facilitate space discovery (U.AE, 2021b).
3. To build the UAE satellite manufacturing complex to ensure the UAE’s space mission will succeed (U.AE, 2021b)

The given goals are critical for promoting the further evolution of the space sector and the country’s improved functioning at the international level.

Thus, evaluating the importance of the UAE National Space Program, Khan (2021) says that it is a fundamental aspect of cultivating better international relations with numerous countries. First, as it comes from the major goals, collaboration with the Arab nations is viewed as the top priority for developing the sector (U.AE, 2021b). At the same time, the document implies other goals, such as creating new laboratories and manufacturing complexes vital for achieving the determined goals. However, the construction of the given facilities is impossible without developing other spheres of science and technology (U.AE, 2021b). The success of the space exploration attempts depends on the current state of knowledge in biology, engineering, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and physics (U.AE, 2021b). For this reason, the UAE National Space Program is the catalyst element influencing the development of other spheres as they should be able to support the rise of the sector and guarantee the achievement of outlined goals.

Moreover, establishing the National Space program is an important step toward joining the cohort of nations exploring space. It indicates the nation’s desire to start exploring the Universe and the shift of priorities from satisfying the basic needs to the desire to achieve complex goals (U.AE, 2021b). It is also a sign of the country’s fast evolution and growth as the National Space Program requires unity and sources to achieve its goals. For this reason, for the UAE, it means the country’s readiness to start moving in the given direction and succeed. Since its launch in 2017, the incentive is also linked to the development of international collaboration with international space partners, which makes the program a fundamental aspect of the current UAE’s policy focused on supporting the state’s efforts to join the cohort of nations exploring space and influencing the development of the sector.

The National Space Program also catalyzed internal and external processes associated with the UAE. Thus, Khan (2021) views it as a membership application of the UAE to participate in international scientific cooperation. Regarding the fact that numerous states in the region do not have their own space exploration programs or efforts, the UAE’s creation of its own ruling document is a critical factor facilitating its evolution as a spacefaring nation (U.AE, 2021b). The Space Program allows the nation to take part in international events and prepare its own cadres as the fundamental aspect for the further rise of science and the country’s transformation. For this reason, it can be viewed as an important document necessary for the UAE’s acknowledgment at the global level.

Astronaut Program

The UAE also establishes its international relations through the Astronaut Program. It was launched in 2017 as the core element of the state’s space exploration efforts. It focuses on preparing Emirati cadres to send them into space for different scientific missions. The program introduces several specific goals:

• to contribute to the scientific exploration missions by creating the first Emirati astronauts
• to motivate and inspire the youth to be a part of the space science and promote the culture of research
• to support the UAE’s vision as a spacefaring nation (Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, 2019b)

In such a way, the given goals can be viewed as essential elements of the National Space Program and the country’s desire to continue the development of this science and technology.

Moreover, the program has another goal critical for the state’s functioning at the international level. It introduces the necessity to “strengthen the UAE’s position in the international space sector by contributing to manned space missions” (Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, 2019b). In such a way, the government correctly realizes the role of space science as a potent facilitator of international collaboration. In 2019 Hazzaa Al Mansoori became the first Emirati in space and the first Arab on the International Space Station (Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, 2019b). He spent a week there, participating in various research programs and interacting with representatives of other nations. The importance of this achievement could not be overestimated as the whole world witnessed the birth of a new spacefaring nation and the UAE’s ambitions to explore space. At the same time, it proves the critical role of the Astronaut Program in facilitating the state’s entering the club of space nations.

At the same time, the success of the mission created new opportunities for the state to succeed in its attempts to improve international cooperation. As the first Arab nation to fly into space, the UAE acquired stronger positions and focused on the further development of space science and technology. Thus, Khan (2021) says that participation in manned space missions is a core factor in increasing the nation’s prestige and role in the international discourse. As a result, it acquires a chance to influence global processes and promote projects necessary for it. For this reason, the UAE views its Astronaut Program as a critically important framework for building stronger relations with other nations and cultivating local science.

The government of the UAE also correctly realizes the price of mistakes in the given sphere and the necessity to create a safe environment through appropriate training. For this reason, the UAE Astronaut Program gives much attention to cooperating with states which already have a solid experience in the given sphere and can share knowledge (U.AE, 2021d). For instance, in preparing its astronauts, the country investigates other successful flights and missions to ensure that safety standards are observed (U.AE, 2021d). Moreover, the approach to preparing cadres and their training is established regarding the existing methods demonstrating the desired level of effectiveness in various situations (U.AE, 2021d). In such a way, being a member of international alliances, the UAE acquires the chance to improve its science by using them as the platforms for generating additional knowledge.

In such a way, the special astronaut program can be viewed as an extremely potent tool necessary for achieving several goals. First of all, it boosts the development of spheres required for providing astronauts with the necessary equipment. These include chemistry, biology, technology, and engineering (U.AE, 2021d). At the same time, the UAE’s international relationships benefit from the given program as it implies sharing experiences with other national agencies to create the basis for success in the future. For instance, while preparing for the first space mission, Hazzaa Al Mansoori attended the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia (Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, 2019b). It was an important part of preparing for the ISS mission and acquiring the necessary skills. The given cooperation became possible due to the agreement between Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre and Roscosmos, the Russian space Agency (Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, 2019b). Moreover, following a new agreement, new Emirati Astronauts will be trained at Johnson Space Center in Houston, USA (U.AE, 2021d). The given facts evidence the critical importance of the Astronaut Program and its role in facilitating the UAE’s international efforts.

The first successful missions with the UAE astronauts became a fundamental achievement of space science and technology in the state. It also shows the effectiveness of the government’s course and employed strategy. By investing in the development of its local science, the UAE also contributes to the gradual growth of its importance at the international level and building stronger international relations with other states. Both these goals are critical for the country at the moment, and their achievement will lead to the faster transformation of its economy and innovation spheres.

Interplanetary Mission

The interplanetary mission is another critical aspect fostering the evolution of science in the UAE and its international efforts. In October 2021, the UAE Space agency proclaimed a new project involving an expedition to the orbit of Venus after exploring the asteroid belt close to Mars (U.AE, 2022a). The mission is planned for 2028, and the state focuses much effort on its successful accomplishment. The central goal of the planned mission is the exploration of the asteroid belt between Mars and gas giant Jupiter, which is the source of most meteorites impacting Earth (U.AE, 2022a). However, another goal is to accelerate the UAE’s space engineering and scientific research and cultivate innovation in the country’s private sector (U.AE, 2022a). In such a way, it can be viewed as a strong facilitator of fundamental processes within the state.

The given mission also implies several incentives that are critical for attaining the final success and vital for the whole state. First of all, the development of the UAE’s space sector is accelerated by a fully-funded program to create the space sector business (U.AE, 2022a). Second, Emirati companies acquire priority access to contracts and procurement (U.AE, 2022a). Third, a vocational training program to prepare young specialists in assembly and space subsystems engineering (U.AE, 2022a). Finally, a program establishes close links between local and international universities and research centers to work on the given mission (U.AE, 2022a). In such a way, the given incentives are fundamental components of the UAE’s technological development as they create the basis for cooperation between various actors and provide them with the resources necessary for innovating various spheres of business.

The focus on international cooperation mentioned above shows how the UAE plans to establish and improve its international relations through space science. Involving other nations in local projects and budling strong cooperation with them, the country acquires the chance to generate additional knowledge and become more powerful at the international level. Moreover, the UAE emphasizes the necessity to create a collaborative effort aimed at the exploration of space and the Solar system (U.AE, 2022a). It makes the country one of the new nations promoting the faster evolution of space science. Possessing a sufficient supply of resources and introducing specific government programs and laws, the UAE supports its desire to join the group of spacefaring nations and become one of the leaders in this field.

Finally, the mission should be developed in partnership with several states possessing the necessary knowledge and experience in the given field. Thus, the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado, Boulder, is viewed as one of the central partners (U.AE, 2022a). Its contribution is critical because of its seventy years’ experience in spacecraft and instrumentation design and development (U.AE, 2022a). It will create the opportunity for training and developing Emirati engineers, software developers, and scientists (U.AE, 2022a). As a result, they will acquire new skills and competencies critical for supporting the program and its significant incentives. Cooperation with LASP shows how space science in the UAE serves as the major facilitator of international cooperation and partnership.

Mission to Mars and Mars Scientific City

The UAE also has a unique mission to explore Mars as part of its current space science development program. Thus, the Mars 2117 strategy is an integral part of the UAE National Space Program and has the following goals:

• to enable the UAE’s pioneering role in developing life support systems to live on other planets
• to create an appropriate education system to inspire new generations
• to provide the UAE and the Arab world with an opportunity to support the humanity’s efforts to explore the Universe
• to foster effective partnerships with leading organizations in the world to achieve current goals (Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, 2019a)

In such a way, the given incentive is another critical step in the UAE’s strategy to create a world-class space sector and become a strong international player.

In such a way, the Mars 2117 strategy is one of the major documents explaining the UAE’s vision of the future of its science and its role in the international discourse. Popper et al. (2020) state that this ambitious project requires the gradual and continuous evolution of the national science and technology as these two spheres should be ready to support the outlined goals and guarantee their achievement. Prior to this project, probes with the complex trajectory will also be sent to Mars to collect information necessary for the success (see Fig. 1 in the Appendix). It will help to calculate the root and increase the probability of success. Thus, the Mars 2117 strategy can be viewed as the plan for developing the national science and making it ready to provide the desired level of support and guarantee that the primary goals will be accomplished (Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, 2019a). At the same time, the business sector’s resources are also utilized to ensure the government’s incentives have the necessary level of financial support.

Furthermore, the Mars 2117 strategy implies several vital steps in investigating and colonizing Mars. For instance, it introduces the plan to create the first settlement on the Red Planed and construct a complex of buildings, or Mars Science City (Almatroushi et al., 2021). It will cover 1,9 million square feet, which will make it the most prominent space simulation city ever built (U.AE, 2019). Additionally, it is planned that the city will have unique planning helping to consider unusual nature of the project (see Fig. 2 in the Appencix). It will also provide an exceptional range of opportunities for research and investigation. Thus, the laboratories of food, energy, water, and agriculture will be created to research these aspects and conclude about the possibility of creating unique research centers on Mars using the same infrastructure (Holsclaw et al., 2021). In such a way, Edwards et al. (2021) state that the project will contribute to the faster evolution of science in this sphere and create conditions for the UAE’s transformation. For this reason, it is an integral part of the current state’s science.

From another perspective, Mars Science City is expected to boost international cooperation in the given sphere. First of all, the scope of the challenge implies a collaborative effort to achieve the desired goal. For instance, the World Government Summit Organization was established as a global knowledge exchange platform for governments (World Government Summit, n.d.). Headed by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, it focuses on numerous future missions, including Mars 2117. It provides the platform for fast-evolving and ambitious nations, such as India, China, Japan, and the Western World, to discuss the vision of how the red planet can be investigated (World Government Summit, n.d.). As a result, a plan of the future Mars city created via a collaborative effort was created (World Government Summit, n.d.). It helped the UAE to find new partners and prove its strong position regarding space exploration.

Furthermore, the nature of the project presupposes the close cooperation between teams. Amiri et al. (2022) say that a team of scientists and astronauts will live in an environment similar to the Martian one for one year to test different systems and methods. The given team might consist of different, and its functioning will depend on the degree to which the project is prepared (Amiri et al., 2022). It means that knowledge transfer and sharing acquire the top priority as the significant factor supporting the successful accomplishment of the goals outlined above (Almatroushi et al., 2021). In such a way, the Mars 2117 strategy is crucial for cultivating stronger international ties and making the UAE one of the leading nations in the sphere of space science and Universe exploration.

Lunar Mission

The UAE also has the Emirates Lunar Mission 2024, which is an important aspect of its evolution in space science. The primary goal of the given mission is to create a lunar rove and send it to the Moon. The central idea of the mission is that the rover, its main components, and the software should be developed and manufactured in the UAE (U.AE, 2022c). It will help the state to support its claims in the space sector and acquire the necessary information and experience. Another objective includes analysis of the thermal properties of the lunar surface and tests to improve understanding of Moon plasma, photoelectrons, and dust particles’ behavior (U.AE, 2022c). At the same time, this program will pave the way for new projects and discoveries in the sphere of space science, the development of technologies, and international participation.

Numerous researchers and space scientists view the UAE Lunar program as an important step toward the further development of the sphere. Thus, Khan (2021) assumes that the lack of interest in exploring the Moon and the stop of manned flights to the satellite contributed to the emergence of the gap in knowledge regarding this field. For this reason, the UAE’s focus on working in this direction can be a factor unifying the international community and helping it to move together to launch new projects linked to exploring Moon (U.AE, 2022c). For this reason, the UAE can become a new leader in this sphere because of the availability of significant natural and financial resources and the focus on cultivating this sphere.

From another perspective, the UAE’s lunar mission implies international cooperation and participation. The state admits that its desire to land on the Moon and investigate it offers numerous opportunities for other nations to participate in the project and share their experiences related to incentives of this type. That is why the major spacefaring nations are invited as partners who might share knowledge and experience (Jones et al., 2021). It means that space science has become a potent facilitator of the UAE’s efforts to build better international relations and participate in numerous activities linked to the exploration of the Universe. Additionally, it also helps to support the evolution of other spheres and technologies as they are required to manufacture the rover and ensure its stable work.

In such a way, the UAE’s Lunar mission causes numerous positive impacts on the state and the development of its scientific sector. Khan (2021) admits that while other spacefaring nations might be less focused on projects implying the investigation of the Moon, the UAE occupies a niche and have all resources and opportunities for attaining success in it. Achievement of existing goals might also help to make the nation’s positions at the international level more potent because of the respect and appreciation connected to success. At the same time, information acquired from the investigation can be attractive to other national space agencies, meaning that the UAE can become a facilitator of international cooperation and create new platforms for debates and discussions. For this reason, this program holds a significant priority for the UAE.

UAE Cooperation with the USA

The UAE’s ability to establish international relations through technology and space science can also be investigated regarding the nation’s current relations with most developed countries. Thus Holsclaw et al. (2021) state that correctly realizing the lack of experience and knowledge in the given field, the UAE’s government views collaboration as a significant way to create the basis for building a world-class space sector. For this reason, the education sphere is supported by building cooperation with the U.S colleges and universities, such as Cambridge and New York University (UAEU, 2021a). It helps to establish an effective education process and ensure that young specialists necessary for developing space science are created.

Moreover, the UAE US partnership implies cooperation between research centers to promote the investigation of various materials and technologies used in the space programs outlined above. Thus, The United Arab Emirates University and the University of Carolina in the USA created a cooperation agreement in 2018 (UAEU, 2021a). It helped to open materials innovation laboratories for students and researchers to make their contribution to the development of science and the nation’s progress (UAEU, 2021a). Furthermore, this partnership focuses on conducting academic research and training researchers from the UAE in chemistry, physics, materials science, and engineering (UAEU, 2021a). In such a way, it becomes a critical factor for achieving the goals outlined by the government.

Furthermore, the cooperation results in establishing the platform the UAE can use to strengthen its international relations. For instance, the virtual international scientific alliance was formed to improve the UAE University in research and publication (UAE USA United, 2022). As a result, the state acquired the chance to participate in international scientific forums and conferences. Furthermore, around 15 faculty members, 5 PhD students, 10 master’s students, and 20 undergraduate students from various departments also took part in the incentive (UAE USA United, 2022). It helped to generate the necessary experience and promote the evolution of the space science sector, which is critical for the UAE at the moment.

In such a way, cooperation with the USA is one of the UAE’s priorities at the moment. Space science becomes a potent tool that can facilitate the given segment because of the need for knowledge and experiences. The government of the UAE supports incentives aimed at promoting a better partnership with the USA as it generates opportunities for international collaboration and participation in different research projects (Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, n.d.). At the same time, the fast-evolving technology and the establishment of diverse space programs make the UAE more attractive to its global partners, meaning that it continues to grow and strengthen its presence and role in international alliances.

The UAE-EU Cooperation

The improved cooperation with the European Union (EU) is another important goal of the UAE government regarding the nation’s focus on exploring science. Collaboration between the UAE and EU can be beneficial for both regions. First, Emirati still has much to learn about science and research related to the space sector from its European partners (European Commission, 2012). In such a way, the given cooperation creates the basis for sharing knowledge and experience transfer. Second, the EU will acquire access to insights from the Arab world due to the cooperation with the best researchers representing this area (Air&Cosmos International, n.d.). In such a way, both parties are interested in cultivating this sort of relationship.

From this perspective, European space agencies play an essential role in developing space science in the UAE and supporting its international efforts. For instance, CNES (French space agency) became the first actor they start cooperating with the UAESA in 2015 (Air&Cosmos International, n.d.). It opened its office in Abu Dhabi to cultivate better relations with local scientists and manufacturers. At the same time, companies in France started to work on Emirati satellites and technologies vital for supporting the sector and its evolution (Air&Cosmos International, n.d.). As a result, the UAE created a constant channel for cooperating with the European partner and discussing international issues vital for united space exploration efforts.

Furthermore, the cooperation with the EU promoted the UAE’s closer interaction with the Centre for the Development of Microgravity Applications and Space Operations (CADMO). Currently, the organization is ready to choose and prepare experiments for Emirati astronauts (Air&Cosmos International, n.d.). They will perform these investigations during their stay on the International Space Station (ISS). (Euronews, 2019) views this step as the recognition of the UAE at the international level. The scope of the project and its complexity means that the nation continues to develop its science and is ready to join the cohort of countries with numerous opportunities for exploring space and the Universe.

The UAE also has agreements with the UK space agency to work together on various projects. The UAESA focuses on building stronger cooperation with the given state to ensure it has access to the newest and most innovative ideas that can be used to promote the further evolution of its projects. In such a way, the international cooperation with the EU can be viewed as the result of the UAE’s efforts to develop its space sector and join the cohort of spacefaring nations ready to investigate the space and closest planets (UAEU, 2021a). This partnership is also vital for boosting the national science and education spheres.

The UAE Cooperation with China

China is another important strategic partner of the UAE in the sphere of science. At the moment, it is the fastest evolving and strongest economy globally, with excellent opportunities for further development and growth (International Telecommunication Union, 2020). At the same time, the Chinese government correctly realizes the importance of science and the strategic role space exploration plays in the modern world (International Telecommunication Union, 2020). For this reason, much attention is given to supporting this sphere and cultivating cadres who can contribute to its evolution. Currently, China is a spacefaring nation with strong space science and numerous research projects in the given field. For this reason, the UAE views it as a valuable partner.

The UAE space sector and its space agency are used as a tool for facilitating cooperation between these two countries. For instance, the UAE University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences created an agreement called a Memorandum of Understanding to improve scientific and research cooperation in technology, innovation, and talent training (UAEU, 2021b). It means that the countries became partners and could share their ideas and visions. Additionally, the cooperation will improve the training and exchange of scientists and organize scientific conferences and joint events between China and the UAE (UAEU, 2021b). In such a way, it becomes an essential tool for supporting the country’s current projects.

In such a way, the collaboration between China and the UAE in the field of science, technology, and space provides both nations with numerous opportunities for boosting their evolution. Khan (2021) says that the UAE acquires multiple benefits, such as access to the Asian insights linked to the sphere of space and visions of how to resolve current issues. At the same time, this partnership establishes a new platform in the given region that can be used for sharing knowledge, establishing new conferences, and discussing important issues in the sphere of science (UAEU, 2021b). For this reason, this cooperation has become a critical factor in promoting the development of science in the UAE.

Altogether, the existing literature recognizes China as an important strategic partner for supporting the UAE’s desire to become a nation with a world-class space sector. Access to technologies and knowledge is one of the significant benefits of the given collaboration. The state effectively uses its space science as the facilitator of this cooperation and as a tool to improve its presence at the international level by affecting the Asian region. It also helps the UAE to transform into one of the leaders of the international discourse regarding the further exploration of space and its investigation by using the collaborative effort of numerous nations.

The UAE Cooperation with Russian Federation

Russian Federation is another strategic partner of the UAE in the sphere of space science. The country has strong traditions and numerous successes in the given field, as it was the first to launch a satellite and organize the manned flight to space (Rodin, 2019). At the moment, Russia views exploration of the solar system as one of its priorities (International Telecommunication Union, 2020). For this reason, it is ready to invest in the given sphere and looks for partners to support its incentives. Furthermore, its spacecraft are used as the primary transport to deliver astronauts to the International Space Station (International Telecommunication Union, 2020). It means that Russia has an unprecedented experience in the given field.

For the UAE, cooperation with the Russian Federation helps to acquire numerous benefits. For this reason, the inter-governmental space exploration deal between the two nations was signed (Rodin, 2019). It would enable the two nations to develop a close partnership in satellite navigation and Earth’s remote sensing (Rodin, 2019). Moreover, satellite telecommunications, space rocket creation, and manned cosmonautics are viewed as priorities for investigation and research (Rodin, 2019). As a result, the UAE acquires access to an extended knowledge base and experience in rocket building, which is vital for supporting its space science and technology. At the same time, the state makes its position at the international level stronger.

The countries have a critical agreement in the field of manned cosmonautics and flights. Thus, the Russian Federation is ready to train the UAE astronauts for a long professional flight and share the necessary knowledge and experience (Rodin, 2019). Roscomos admits the ability to generate mutually beneficial cooperation in satellite navigation and Earth remote sensing, which is also vital for investigating space (Rodin, 2019). The UAE also cooperates with Russia to acquire experiences in space rocket creation and building space stations to foster research in the given field (Rodin, 2019). In such a way, cooperation with Russia becomes an important achievement of the UAE diplomacy and space sector as it opens the door for new cadres to enter the field and contribute to its development.

The given facts demonstrate the multidimensional nature of the UAE’s policy related to building international relationships. The state’s efforts to create a world-class space sector contribute to the emergence of new ways to interact with attractive partners. At the same time, the same interests in exploring space mean that agencies belonging to different nations start working together to make their efforts more effective and achieve specific goals. In such a way, the technological and space efforts of the UAE result in empowering its international relations and its becoming a powerful actor at the international level. It is a critical component of the state’s prestige and its readiness to enter new projects in the space sector.

Challenges in Achieving UAE’s Ambitions and Their Impact

At the same time, achieving existing ambitions and becoming a spacefaring nation implies several challenges the UAE should overcome. The first barrier is the growing demand for scientific data that is difficult to acquire (Khan, 2021). The new projects require a specific theoretical background to understand the research direction (U.AE, 2021b). The UAE remains a comparatively young nation with a lack of scientific and research centers working in different areas (Khan, 2021). For this reason, it might experience a deficit of cadres and engineers who might support new incentives. This challenge might slow down the speed of the space program evolution as its resolution implies creating the research base.

Creating sustainable development in the sphere of space science and technology is another critical issue. The fast-evolving space sector should be able to meet the needs of the present and benefit future generations (U.AE, 2022c). It means that the UAE should find a balance between engaging international specialists as the basis for the sector’s growth necessary at the current phase and creating new specialists, which might demand time and effort (Edwards et al., 2021). It also implies building infrastructure, such as spaceports, to reduce dependence on international partners and guarantee the state can transform into one of the leaders of space exploration.

Finally, the UAE needs highly skilled engineers and researchers who will participate in the new projects, such as Mars 2117. Currently, the state cultivates its cadres via international cooperation and local educational establishments (U.AE, 2021e). However, the sector’s growth will require new professionals, which might be a severe challenge to the nation. It means that it is vital to promote the radical change in the existing education system to create a sufficient and independent framework for creating Emirati cadres. It might take time and resources to guarantee that success is attained.

The outlined challenges also influence the UAE’s position regionally and internationally. First of all, overcoming the barrier linked to the lack of scientific data requires closer cooperation with states possessing the needed knowledge or being able to generate it. It will provide new opportunities for building international bonds and establishing new platforms for data exchange and discussion, such as conferences or collaborative research projects. However, it might also have some negative effects on the UAE’s reputation as it might be considered a junior partner with a reduced ability to impact the situation because of the absence of research data and necessary experience (Hashmi, 2018). For this reason, focusing on resolving the issue, the government should focus on improving its image by cultivating its national research projects, which might serve as the source of critical knowledge valued by other states.

The resolution of barriers mentioned above might also promote increased mobility of people and goods both regionally and internationally and the emergence of new logistics issues. The UAE positions itself as the representative of the Arab world in global space science, meaning it might become the place where specialists from the region will move to acquire a chance to work in the sector (UAE USA United, 2022). It will increase the nation’s prestige and strengthen its global position (Khan, 2021). Second, new projects rest on the collaboration between specialists from different states, meaning that an increased number of people will arrive in the UAE, opening new changes for becoming a valuable international partner. Finally, the UAE might become a logistics hub for technology exchange, which will also strengthen its role in the global discourse (Hashmi, 2018). It means that the mentioned challenges are critical for the nation and its increased role in global cooperation.

Space Science Effects on State and International Cooperation

In such a way, the existing body of literature evidences that the UAE devotes much attention to cultivating its space sector and technology. The government views it as a perfect opportunity to demonstrate the development of the state and its growing role at the international level. At the same time, Khan (2021) is sure that the rise of the space sector has numerous impacts on the nation and its economy. All incentives outlined by the national space strategy and policy require innovative technologies, solutions, and resources (U.AE, 2022a). For this reason, the UAE economy should be diversified to meet new demands and ensure the UAESA is supported with everything it needs. In such a way, the space efforts have positive effects on the economy of the state and innovation.

Moreover, ambitious space programs serve as the facilitator of the discourse within a nation. At the moment, a radical change in people’s mentalities is observed. The young Emirati accept the state’s readiness to take part in the international projects and view themselves as part of the global community ready to work on important research projects (U.AE, 2022a). This change in worldview is fundamental for the further evolution of science within a state and its gradual transformation into one of the world leaders in this field. For this reason, the space projects are important for transforming the UAE society and cultivating the culture of innovation and research, which is necessary for projects aimed at exploring space. The shift in young people’s vision of their roles and interests evidences the success of the policy and the UAE’s efforts.

Another important factor associated with the development of space programs is the growing importance of the UAE at the international level. Khan (2021) assumes that the state has always had conditions for becoming one of the world’s leaders in various spheres. The strong economy and rich natural deposits provided the country with the resources required for its further evolution and launching new innovative programs demanding much financing and funding (U.AE, 2022a). For this reason, the UAE has all resources necessary for entering the global intercourse and becoming a strong player. Space science facilitates all these processes as the country has to cooperate to acquire knowledge and experiences. Under these conditions, there is a positive correlation between the current level of technology evolution within a state and its ability to interact with other nations.

Future Perspectives

Speaking about the UAE space science, it is also vital to admit its long-term nature. The existing projects presuppose a continuous development of all spheres of the UAE economy and science to ensure the nation can acquire knowledge and technology to succeed (U.AE, 2021a). For this reason, space exploration is inseparably linked to the UAE’s future. The government views the strengthening of international relations as one of its major objectives. That is why much financing and attention is devoted to various incentives and global cooperation. Science exploration is considered a potent tool to help the nation to evolve and continue its progress (U.AE, 2021a). At the same time, Jones et al. (2021) state that missions such as Mars 2117 are fundamental for the future as they will help to transform the nation into the global leader in this sphere. It will also help to create strong ties with other developed nations and cooperate with them.

Furthermore, the development of technologies and industries vital for the work of the space field helps to promote the rise of the economy and its further diversification. For the UAE, reducing the dependence on oil and its prices is one of the central goals (Khan, 2021). For this reason, the space programs are critical for accomplishing this mission and providing citizens with new jobs in various spheres. At the same time, the emergence of new industries means that the UAE has become an important supplier of various goods and can deliver them to various countries and locations (U.AE, 2021a). For this reason, in the future, it is expected that the economic rise of the state will help it to become a strong international actor and engage in cooperation with other states who need specific products.

In such a way, the evolution of space science creates numerous opportunities for the UAE and its future development. The economy will be empowered due to the government orders and the necessity to support the rise of the space sector. However, which is more important, it is expected that numerous scientific projects, such as Mars and Lunar programs or interplanetary missions, will become a bridge linking the UAE with other nations and establishing the basis for their better cooperation during the next several decades (U.AE, 2021a). Under these conditions, the UAE’s attempts to build a world-class space sector and industry are explained by their importance for the nation’s rise and transformation into a more powerful actor on the international stage.

Summary

Altogether, the current body of literature offers several important insights. First of all, the UAE focuses on developing its space science and technology. The government introduces numerous incentives and programs designed to create the basis for future growth. These include the Lunar program, Mars 2117, and interplanetary missions. Moreover, the UAE prepares its own astronauts and cooperates with other states to acquire necessary spacecraft-building skills and experiences. In such a way, space becomes one of the most topical issues for the nation, and it spends significant resources to facilitate the rise of the sector.

Moreover, the existing governmental reports and documents prove that the UAE is successful in establishing its international relationships through technology and space science. To foster the evolution of the field, the UAESA cooperates with the USA, EU, China, and Russia. It helps to build stronger international ties and create the basis for better collaboration. Furthermore, joint projects, the interaction between educational and research establishments, and planned investigations also help the UAE to find new partners and improve its image at the international level. For this reason, it has become one of the important actors facilitating space science and technology.

Finally, the literature shows that the fast evolution of the UAE space sector, diversification of the economy, and development of new branches of the industry also support the nation’s international relations and cooperation. These processes establish a new paradigm of collaboration based on shared interests, mutual benefits, and knowledge exchange (U.AE, 2022a). As a result, the UAE is viewed as a strong and desired partner possessing necessary resources and information.

Results

The literature review results help to answer the research questions and meet the objectives formulated above. First of all, technology and space science play a fundamental role in facilitating the UAE’s efforts to establish better international relations. Although the Emirati space programs are young, they have already achieved a high level of development. The Mars 2117, Lunar Program, and Interplanetary Missions show that the state accumulates the necessary knowledge through interacting with the USA, EU, Russia, and China (U.AE, 2022a). The country is a member of numerous international alliances nowadays and builds the basis for numerous achievements in the future. The most important spheres of global collaboration include research in chemistry, biology, rocket building, satellite creation and launch, and manned flights. The joint research projects also help to establish the platform for sharing ideas and thoughts and entering the global discourse.

Furthermore, the UAE correctly realizes numerous opportunities linked to the advances in space science and uses it as a tool to find new partners. The cooperation is built regarding the idea of mutual benefits and knowledge exchange. As a result, the nation acquires the necessary knowledge and the chance to discuss the most relevant issues in space exploration and manned flights. For this reason, numerous programs, such as the National Space Program, National Space Policy and Strategy are fundamental aspects of making the state more attractive to international partners and building long-term relations. The existing body of literature shows that the government cultivates the change in people’s mentalities to ensure the Emirati will become a spacefaring nation with excellent opportunities for the future development of space science.

At the same time, the UAE has numerous opportunities for further evolution and improving its global reputation. The current technological and space efforts lead to the diversification of the economy and industry of the UAE. Additionally, they have a positive influence on international relationships as the state transforms into a valuable partner. Today, it can offer insights from the Arab world linked to space science and future opportunities for exploration of planets in the Solar system (Popper et al., 2020). Additionally, the UAE’s focus on cultivating science and making it the nation’s priority contributes to the increased attractiveness of the sphere and the emergence of young Emirati scientists who contribute to the further rise of technology. As a result, the state’s potential grows, as well as its contribution to the work of international alliances and their research efforts.

In such a way, the data acquired from the literature review shows that space science helps the UAE to establish its international relationships. First, it provides an opportunity to become a member of numerous alliances focused on research and innovation. Second, ambitious missions such as building Mars scientific city require the participation of other spacefaring nations to acquire necessary experiences (Amiri et al., 2022). As a result, the UAE is interested in becoming a member of global alliances and more active participation in them. At the same time, because these alliances are mutually beneficial, strategic partners are also interested in working with the UAESA and using shared resources to attain success. In such a way, space science and technology are strong aspects influencing the UAE’s transformation into a strong spacefaring nation with an influential role in international agreements devoted to investigating space.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Conclusion

Altogether, the research reveals data necessary for answering the formulated research questions. First of all, the UAE devotes much attention to developing its space science and establishing the basis for the future growth of technology in the given sector. Today, it is one of the main nation’s priorities necessary for its further development and entering a new phase of the country’s development. The analyzed governmental reports show the critical role of the UAE’s leaders and their support. The major programs, such as the Lunar, Interplanetary, and Mars missions, create the basis for future accomplishments and the further evolution of the UAE space science. At the same time, the current strategy used by the country implies the transformation of people’s mentalities to ensure young Emirati scientists will emerge and make new achievements.

At the same time, the UAE wisely uses its advances in the sphere of technology and science as a tool to improve its international relations and build new partnerships. First of all, the state enters numerous alliances with the USA, EU, China, and Russia to acquire the needed experience and knowledge. It allows the UAE to increase its presence in different international alliances and ensure it is not excluded from the participation in global conferences or research projects. It is a vital step toward making the positions of the UAE stronger and its transformation into a spacefaring state with clear goals regarding space science and industry.

Furthermore, the results reveal that the UAE has a strong and well-thought-out program that helps it to evolve and diversify its technology and science. The analysis of government documents and statements shows that the financing and attention levels continuously grow, meaning that the nation becomes more oriented on promoting its science and transforming into a world-recognized leader in various industries. At the same time, the desire to gain recognition and become a partner serves as strong stimuli for the further development of ambitious projects. The research expands the current understanding of the UAE space science and technology as it reveals the ways how the international partnership is built. The major methods imply promoting ties with the experienced and knowledgeable partners who can support the nation’s desire to join the global intercourse.

Altogether, the current study is vital for promoting a better understanding of the current role of the UAE at the international level and its further opportunities. The state has always been viewed as the powerful producer of oil; however, the attitude of the global community is changing nowadays. It is a result of the nation’s focus on the space program and diversification of industry. Numerous programs help to build new partnership relations with the USA, EU, China, Russia, and other nations and create the basis for future improvement. Under these conditions, the given is considered a tool to promote the radical changes in the way UAE behaves at the international level and its participation in various international alliances. The study also facilitates future research in the given sphere with more attention to specific projects such as the Lunar or Mars missions.

Recommendations

The study results can also be used to offer several recommendations regarding the researched topic. First of all, it is critical to continue investigating UAE space science and technology. The country launched numerous projects that demand attention because of their significant impact on the sphere. It is expected that the UAE will transform into one of the main facilitators of global science because of its focus on this aspect, substantial governmental support, and involvement of young Emiratis in the research. That is why it is recommended to continue monitoring the UAE space science and the work of the UAESA to remain informed about the recent advances in technology and how they can be used to increase the speed of space exploration.

Furthermore, the analyzed data shows that UAE has become a more significant player at the international level. Its partnership with the strongest space agencies and research institutions proves the changing role of the state and the effectiveness of its current efforts focused on using the space sector to facilitate its international cooperation. For this reason, it can be recommended to adhere to the given course and continue working following this model. It will result in an increased number of young people included in the work of research institutions and contributing to the future of the nation. Moreover, space science is a strategically important sphere vital for the state’s security and evolution. For this reason, the UAE will benefit from preserving the focus and continuing its partnership with other states. That is why it can be recommended to use the study as the basis for new projects to investigate the future of the UAE regarding space technology and exploration.

References

Air&Cosmos International. (n.d.).France, UAE discuss space cooperation. Web.

Almatroushi, H., AlMazmi, H., AlMheiri, N., AlShamsi, M., AlTunaiji, E., Badri, K., Lillis, R. J., Lootah, F., Yousuf, M., Amiri, S., Brain, D. A., Chaffin, M., Deighan, J., Edwards, C. S., Forget, F., Smith, M. D., Wolff, M. J., Christensen, P. R., England, S., … Young, R. M. (2021). Emirates Mars mission characterization of Mars atmosphere dynamics and processes.Space Science Reviews, 217(8). Web.

Amiri, H., Brain, D., Sharaf, O., Withnell, P., McGrath, M., Alloghani, M., Al Awadhi, M., Al Dhafri, S., Al Hamadi, O., Al Matroushi, H., Al Shamsi, Z., Al Shehhi, O., Chaffin, M., Deighan, J., Edwards, C., Ferrington, N., Harter, B., Holsclaw, G., Kelly, M., Kubitschek, D., … Yousuf, M. (2022). The Emirates Mars mission. Space science reviews, 218(1), 4. Web.

Creswell, J., & Creswell, D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5^th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Edwards, C. S., Christensen, P. R., Mehall, G. L., Anwar, S., Tunaiji, E. A., Badri, K., Bowles, H., Chase, S., Farkas, Z., Fisher, T., Janiczek, J., Kubik, I., Harris-Laurila, K., Holmes, A., Lazbin, I., Madril, E., McAdam, M., Miner, M., O’Donnell, W., … Pilinski, E. B. (2021). The Emirates Mars mission (EMM) Emirates Mars infrared spectrometer (EMIRS) instrument.Space Science Reviews, 217(7). Web.

Embassy of the United Arab Emirates. (n.d.). UAE-US cooperation. Web.

Euronews. (2019). Partnerships boost UAE’s space ambitions. Web.

European Commission. (2012). UAE-EU science cooperation discussed in Abu Dhabi. Web.

Government of Dubai. (2019). UAE Cabinet approves National Space Strategy 2030. Web.

Hashmi, K. (2018). Innovation within the UAE’s Space Sector – past, present and future [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Manchester.

Holsclaw, G. M., Deighan, J., Almatroushi, H., Chaffin, M., Correira, J., Evans, J. S., Fillingim, M., Hoskins, A., Jain, S. K., Lillis, R., Lootah, F. H., McPhate, J. B., Siegmund, O. H., Soufli, R., & Tyagi, K. (2021). The Emirates Mars ultraviolet spectrometer (EMUS) for the EMM mission. Space Science Reviews, 217(8). Web.

International Telecommunication Union. (2020). How the UAE is working to promote international collaboration on space programmes. Web.

Jones, A. R., Wolff, M., Alshamsi, M., Osterloo, M., Bay, P., Brennan, N., Bryant, K., Castleman, Z., Curtin, A., DeVito, E., Drake, V. A., Ebuen, D., Espejo, J., Farren, J., Fenton, B., Fisher, C., Fisher, M., Fortier, K., Gerwig, S., … Yaptengco, J. L. (2021). The Emirates exploration Imager (EXI) instrument on the Emirates Mars mission (EMM) hope mission.Space Science Reviews, 217(8). Web.

Khan, M. A. (2021). An analysis of the space tourism market in the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its potential for development of zero-gravity and suborbital commercial Spaceflights.New Space. Web.

Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre. (2019a). Mars 2117. Web.

Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre. (2019b). UAE Astronaut Programme. Web.

Popper, R., Rilla, N., Myllyoja, J., Helin, K., Salo, S., Rischer, H., Alakomi, H-L., Kiviniemi, J., Tsitko, I., Komonen, P., Bohner, E., Pinomaa, T., Tuikka, T., Szilvay, G., Nagy, J., Al Hashimi, K., Al Kaissi, T., Al Amiri, A., Al Mohammad, M.,… Al Shamsi, F. (2020). Towards a roadmap for future UAE deep space missions and the sustainable settlement of humans on Mars: White paper.VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Web.

Rodin, S. (2019). Cooperation between Russia and the UAE in the Field of high technology. Asia and Africa today, 6, 53-59. Web.

Tesorero, A. (2021). UAE Mars Mission: Why study the Red planet?The Gulf News. Web.

U.AE. (2019). Mars 2117 project. Web.

U.AE. (2021a). National Advanced Sciences Agenda 2031. Web.

U.AE. (2021b). National Space Programme. Web.

U.AE. (2021c). National Space Strategy 2030. Web.

U.AE. (2021d). The UAE Astronaut Programme. Web.

U.AE. (2021e). UAE Centennial 2071. Web.

U.AE. (2022a). Emirati interplanetary mission 2028. Web.

U.AE. (2022b). Inspiration behind the advancement. Web.

U.AE. (2022c). Space science and technology. Web.

UAE Vision 2021. (2018). Web.

United Arab Emirates the Cabinet. (2022). Mohammed Bin Rashid launches five decade government plan ‘UAE Centennial 2017’. Web.

UAEU. (2021a). A global partnership between United Arab Emirates University and University of California – Berkeley – USA to conduct research in nanoscience and materials science.Web.

UAEU. (2021b). Scientific and research cooperation between the United Arab Emirates University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Web.

UAE Space Agency. (n.d.). National Space Strategy 2030. Web.

UAE USA United. (2022). UAE Space Exploration. Web.

United Arab Emirates country brief. (n.d.). Australian Government. Web.

World Government Summit. (n.d.). Mars 2117. World Government Summit.

Appendices

Appendix A

Appendix B