The main concepts of the article are the description of the statistical method and the variables that affect the final results. First of all, statistical thinking consists of forming a thorough and accurate research plan to collect the necessary amount of data to answer the question. At the first stage of the study, methods of mass observation are applied, primary statistical material is collected. The primary condition is the mass character because the laws of social life are manifested in a sufficiently large array of data due to the operation of the law of large numbers. Thus, in summary, statistical characteristics changes cancel each other out.
Moreover, the article focuses on a detailed analysis of those patterns that were identified and noted in the study. Analytical work should contain elements of foresight that indicate the possible consequences of emerging situations. This is because, in some cases, it is difficult to trace the regularity of statistical data (Chance & Rossman, 2022). Statistical thinking, which logically follows from the systems approach, allows you to look at a single case as an element of the system structure (Beck & Tapia, 2022). Although the brain does not automatically use such reasoning, a person learns this in the course of life. Thus, in a statistical study, scientists must consider such a phenomenon as chance. Therefore, the data may be incorrect and depend on probability with a relatively small sample of elements. In such a situation, the researchers calculate the likelihood and, based on this, conclude the consistency of the analysis results.
A statistical study’s importance lies in conducting a random sample to obtain the most accurate results. A random sample is an approach in which each member has a chance of being selected (Chance & Rossman, 2022). This allows the researcher to calculate how well the model reflects the population from which it was established. It is advisable to use probabilistic sampling only in the presence of appropriate conditions. The first condition for implementing a probability sample is the availability of a complete list of all elements of the general population. The second condition for probabilistic sampling is the excellent mixing of the elements of the general population. Only under these conditions do all of them have the same probability of being included in the sample.
In statistical analysis, it is necessary to consider the cause and effect of the variables. Two or more variables are considered to be related, in a statistical context, if their values change in such a way that because the value of 1 variable increases or decreases, the value of the opposite variable increases or decreases. Correlation can be a statistical measure that describes the size and direction between two or more variables. However, the correlation between variables does not mean that the change in one variable is that the explanation for the difference lies within the values of the opposite variable. The cause indicates that one event results from the opposite event, so there is a causal relationship between the two events.
However, statistical research and causation take into account the possible error. Statistical error is the uncertainty in estimating the actual value of a measurement that arises because several repeated measurements with the same instrument gave different results. It appears, as a rule, because the effects of measure in the microcosm are not fixed but probabilistic. It is closely related to the volume of statistics: usually, the more data, the smaller the statistical error and the more accurate the measurement result.
Thus, statistical thinking and research are difficult to distribute and analyze. First, the researcher needs to establish the research question and make a random sample of representative material. Data analysis considers the cause-and-effect relationship, which can directly affect the final results of the project. Therefore, statistics take into account many values, which concludes the consistency of the study.
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Reference List
Beck, D. & Tapi, E. (2022). The brain. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers.
Chance, B. & Rossman, A. (2022). Statistical thinking. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers.