Introduction
The Concept of Terrorism:
- Unlawful act
- Broad interpretations
- Threatening lives
- Generic term of terror
- Caused by forces opposed to the state (Laqueur, 2017)
The Concept Interpretations
- Sociopolitical
- Legal
- Psychological (Laqueur, 2017)
The History of Terrorism
- Sect of Sicarii
- Muslim sect of the Assoshafin
- Sect of Ishmaelites
- Russian Narodniks
- Radical nationalists
- Anarchists (Laqueur, 2017)
New features of terrorism
- State level
- New technologies
- Internet (Laqueur, 2017)
The Forms of Terrorism
- Specially organized terrorist groups
- Individual terrorists
Violence occurs in two forms:
- Direct
- Covert (Holbrook & Horgan, 2019)
- Destroys state and political foundations
Types of international terrorism:
- Transnational
- Global (Holbrook & Horgan, 2019)
Case of Boeing 747 Air India
- India, June 1985
- Bomb explosion
- 329 people killed
- Singh Rayat sentenced to 9 years (Gaibulloev & Sandler, 2019)
Oslo Double Attack
- Norway, July 2011
- Explosion and opened fire
- 77 people killed, 151 wounded
- Anders Breivik sentenced to 21 years (Gaibulloev & Sandler, 2019)
US 9/11 Terrorist Attack
- USA, September 2001
- Hijacking
- 2,977 people killed
- Al-Qaeda is responsible for the attacks (Gaibulloev & Sandler, 2019)
In Amenas Hostage Taking
- Algeria, January 2013
- Killing hostages
- 38 hostages killed
- Islamic terrorists (Holbrook & Horgan, 2019)
The Influence of Terrorism
- Losses in 2000-2018 – eight hundred billion dollars
- In 2014 – the death of forty thousand people
- Since 2014 – 200 per cent more terrorist acts (Holbrook & Horgan, 2019)
Fighting Terrorism
- Military force
- Blocking financial activities
- International cooperation
- Psychological and ideological counteraction (Bozorgmehri & Kiarostami, 2017)
Fighting Terrorism in the OSCE Framework
- State-to-state cooperation
- Coordination among national authorities
- Partnership with international and regional organizations
- Public-private alliances (Bozorgmehri & Kiarostami, 2017)
References
Bozorgmehri, M., & Kiarostami, M. (2017). Human Rights, the victim of terrorism and of mechanisms to combat it. World Politics, 6(1), 131-158.
Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T. (2019). What we have learned about terrorism since 9/11. Journal of Economic Literature, 57(2), 275-328.
Holbrook, D., & Horgan, J. (2019). Terrorism and ideology. Perspectives on Terrorism, 13(6), 2-15.
Laqueur, W. (2017). A history of terrorism. Routledge.