The unconscious mind has been described in detail in the works of Freud and Jung, however, there are some differences in their views. Freud believed that most of the actions in which one does not recognize oneself and which cannot be controlled are of an unconscious nature (Allen, 2015). This includes the secret desires of the individual, which are contrary to the general laws of morality and, therefore, subconsciously jealous of the person. The motivation emanating from these desires usually manifests itself in dreams, creativity, or neuroses.
In turn, Jung expanded the concept of the unconscious and changed the basic principles of psychoanalysis. Jung agreed with Freud on the subject of the unconscious however believed that this term needed to be completed. Namely, the term “collective unconscious” was introduced, which includes archetypes or static forms (Nichols, 2019). These forms are innate and can be changed or filled in since they are initially devoid of content. These archetypes play an essential role in collective interaction and include the self, the persona, the anima, and the shadow (Nichols, 2019). Moreover, these archetypes are universal patterns and mechanisms of the collective subconscious.
Alfred Adler, an Austrian psychiatrist, thinker, and psychologist, was not only interested in psychology but was also a humanitarian and social activist. It is explained by the fact that Adler’s psychology is considered humanitarian since the psychologist believed in democracy, civil rights, and general public health. In addition, Adler thought that every person, whether male or female, should strive to become the best possible. It could be achieved through equality and democracy, where nothing would interfere with self-development and improvement. In addition, Adler believed that each person should treat the other with respect.
References
Allen, B. P. (2015). Personality theories: Development, growth, and diversity. (5th ed.). Psychology Press.
Nichols, S. (2019). Tarot and the archetypal journey: The Jungian path from darkness to light. Weiser Books.