Another disagreement between Freud and Jung is the attitude towards sexuality as the dominant force in the personality structure. Freud interpreted libido mainly as sexual energy, while Jung viewed it as a diffuse creative life force that manifests itself in various ways, such as in religion or pursuing power (Zhang, 2020). In Jung’s understanding, the energy of the libido is concentrated in various needs – biological or spiritual – as they arise. Like Adler, Jung rejected Freud’s claim that the brain is an attachment to the gonads. Jung argued that the soul, in Jung’s theory, a term analogous to personality, is made up of three separate but interacting structures: the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. The ego is the center of the realm of consciousness. The personal unconscious contains conflicts and memories that were once conscious but are now repressed or forgotten. It also includes those sensory impressions that lack brightness to be noted in consciousness. Jung suggested the existence of a deeper layer in the structure of personality, which he called the collective unconscious. Overall scheme is shown in figure 1. This phenomenon is a repository of latent memory traces of humanity and even our anthropoid ancestors. His understanding of it as a vital source of wisdom has generated a new wave of interest in his theory among the current generation of students and professional psychologists. In addition, Jung was one of the first to recognize the positive contribution of religious, spiritual, and even mystical experiences to personality development. His unique role as a forerunner of the humanistic trend in personology (Jung, 2021). It is worth adding that in recent years, there has been an increase in the popularity of analytical psychology among the intellectual community in the United States and agreement with many of its provisions (Guerin, 2019). Theologians, philosophers, historians, and representatives of many other disciplines find Jung’s creative insights extremely useful in their work.
Carl Jung is one of our most prominent psychologists and psychotherapists. A student of Freud and the founder of analytical psychology, Jung did not fully share the views of his teacher and eventually moved away from the classical Freudian concept of personality. The disagreements between psychologists gave the world a deep and unusual personality theory. Like Freud, Jung studied dynamic unconscious influences on human behavior and experience. Nevertheless, Jung argued that the unconscious’s content is more than repressed sexual and aggressive impulses. According to Jung’s theory of personality, known as analytical psychology, individuals are motivated by intrapsychic forces and images whose origin goes back into evolutionary history (Jung, 2021). This innate unconscious contains deeply rooted spiritual material that explains the inherent desire for creative selfexpression and physical perfection in all humanity. Jung’s views on human personality are perhaps the most complex, unorthodox, and polemical in the penological tradition. He created a unique theory of great scientific interest, markedly different from all other approaches to the study of personality.
Jung hypothesized that the collective unconscious consists of powerful primary mental images, the so-called archetypes, structure or which shown in the figure 2. There may be an infinite number, but Jung singled out his works’ most essential architectures of behavior. The psychoanalyst believed that each archetype is associated with a tendency to express a specific type of feeling and thought concerning the corresponding object or situation. According to the theory, unconscious and social roles are based on the individual’s selfhood, the embodiment of integrity and harmony, and the regulating center of the individual. Above it in the hierarchy are only the archetypes of the sage and god, whose mental behavior is highly projected onto the outside world (Jung, 2021). Consequently, the diversity of types of consciousness, and the focus on unity with the outside world, can classify deviations from this vector, while theory supports the very goal of diversity and integration.
At the same time, the motive of moralism can be traced to the complexity of Jung’s theory. This fact was confirmed by other researchers (Kingsley, 2018). Man, in his nature, is an instinctive animal that can deal with internal conflict and the manifestation of sin (Jung, 2021). The concept of professional ethics is consonant with Jung’s ideas from different angles. First, about ethical behavior within the scientific circles of psychoanalysts, Jung always gave credit to the ideas on which he based his theories and pursued an only beneficial interest in his work. Secondly, for professional ethics in general, he presented a classification of behavioral archetypes based on which theories of conflict management and human resource management, including leadership and management, are built (Sang, 2021). However, for the most part, Jung’s theory does not rise above the level of conjecture. His main hypotheses do not provide sufficient opportunities for serious testing. It is partly because many of his concepts are not defined enough to assess their validity. Jung himself was skeptical about the role of the scientific method in validating his ideas. Except for using the method of word association in the study of complexes, Jung sought confirmation of his theory in myths, legends, and folklore, as well as in the dreams and fantasies of his patients.
References
Guerin, B. (2019). What do therapists and clients talk about when they cannot explain behaviours? How Carl Jung avoided analysing a client’ s environments by inventing theories. Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento, 10(1), 076-097. Web.
Jung, C. G. (2021). CG Jung: Psychological Reflections. A New Anthology of His Writings, 1905-1961 (Vol. 46). Princeton University Press.
Kingsley, P. (2018). Catafalque: Carl Jung and the end of humanity (Vol. 2). London: Catafalque Press. Sang, T. K. (2021). Leadership Capability: “What We Do as a Leader ”. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 12(1). Web.
Zhang, S. (2020). Psychoanalysis: The Influence of Freud’ s Theory in Personality Psychology. In International Conference on Mental Health and Humanities Education (ICMHHE 2020) (pp. 229-232). Atlantis Press. Web.