Unemployment
Contextualizing Responses
Pioneer Advocate Society intends to illustrate impacts of unemployment in American society. The institute has a responsibility of presenting its finding and possible interventions for corrective measures toward solution to social problem in the society. This proposal is based on responses from two hundred New York citizens who are employed or jobless.
Problem Formulation
According to Engel & Schutt (2005), sudden population increase causes social problems such as unemployment, hunger, and low economic growth (2005). Indeed, unemployment is a situation whereby people are not able to get satisfactory jobs. In the past, unemployment was presumed to be intentional. Hence, redundancy was reprimanded by rules and regulations. However, currently, unemployment has been triggered by issues beyond people’s capability to endure.
Dolch & Peck assert that unemployment arise because of seasonal discharge (Dolch and Peck, 2001). For instance, agricultural occupation and technological revolution in industry improves computerization but triggers racial intolerance and economic inflation. Besides, unemployment is frequently used to explain situation of people who perform job on part-time basis since full-time occupations are inadequate and hardly available.
In developing countries, unemployment is frequently brought by city migration that exceeds industrial growth required to provide work for these migrants. Thus, unemployment is mainly the consequence of economic decline and recession (Engel & Schutt, 2005). The results of job loss are social.
Often, transgression rate increases when individuals are incapable of acquiring their needs due to unemployment. Moreover, divorce rates rises because individuals are unable to resolve their financial crises. In addition, homelessness situation has increased besides physical and psychological illnesses. Some homes are deserted and friendships compromised. Consequently, competence of the government to offer support to citizens deteriorate.
Unemployment has tremendous impacts tax since individuals disburse smaller amount of money in income taxes. This reduces disposable income per household. Consequently, purchasing power is likely to drop. Dolch & Peck asserts that unemployment negatively affect government commitments in provision of public services to citizens (2001).
For example, unemployment affects police commitments towards reinforcing law and order, security, municipal programs, and garbage collection services. Furthermore, unemployment is a detrimental issue to every person in a society. For instance, individuals who are working undergo great challenges due to effects unemployment as dependency level increases.
There are significant theoretical discussions concerning the cause, effects, and resolution of unemployment. For instance, classical economists viewed that market systems are dependable means that may be used to eradicate unemployment cases. Indeed, the theory opposes intervention enforced on labor market structures such as taxes, unionization, minimum wage, and other regulations. These have discouraged employment rate for workers (Caputo, 2007).
Furthermore, classical economists perceive unemployment as a result of excess supply that is influenced due to elevated price level of work labor. According to Engel and Schutt, demand and supply, political, and social factors influence wages negatively. As a result, supply would exceed demand (Engel & Schutt, 2005).
Excessive supply leads to joblessness. Moreover, classical economists argue that economy would change to attain equilibrium net for employees, when it operates on its own naturally without human modification. Such kind of economy meets demand for employment rate. Classical economists also believe that unemployment occur when labor wages are adjusted higher than market payment level.
For instance, Wage congress and Trade Unions are organizations that have contributed to unemployment because they set high minimum wages that market demands cannot accommodate (Caputo, 2007). Classical unemployment also occurs due to establishment of minimum wage for workers that cause high wage beyond market payment level, hence causing excessive labor supply.
Developing Research Questions
State a theory that justifies causes of unemployment?
Actually, there are many theories that justify possible causes of unemployment. Theory of classical economists attempt to explain causes of unemployment. Independent variable is the object(s) that a person actively adjusts, while dependent variable is object(s) that modifies as an effect.
For example, wages of workers relies on the time used to perform a particular work. Time is therefore an independent variable which fluctuates according to work performance of workers. In fact, wages are derived directly from the overall time used. Indeed, wages are reliant (dependent) on duration used in working. Unemployment is actually influenced by dependent and independent variables in human activities.
Measurement
- Nominal variable: How many numbers of sex-gender subjects were randomly selected in the sampling method? Gender is nominal variable.
- Ordinal variable: how many jobless people were subject sample of the selected population? Jobless people are ordinal variable; they can be orderly arranged.
- Ratio variable: suppose three workers earn income of: $10,000, $15,000 and $20, 000. Hence the ratio variable is $5,000.
Sampling
Engel & Schutt asserts that probability sampling is a technique whereby the models are collected in a process which allows all the people in the gathered population to have equal opportunity to be selected (2005). A researcher would only attain equal chance to choose people in the sample through randomization. Indeed, the advantage of using a probability sampling technique is that it minimizes chances of sampling bias.
When selection is carried out appropriately, the sample is consequently a reflective of the total population. On the other hand, Non-probability sampling refers to a method where the sample collected in process that does not provide all people in the population equal possibility to be selected.
Simple random sampling is a popular technique used in sampling. Actually, each individual of population has equal opportunity to be chosen. Moreover, there are several methods that are used when conducting simple random sampling. The method is simple; for example lottery technique (Engel & Schutt, 2005).
ccording to this method, every individual of population is given a distinctive number. Every number is positioned in a designated place and thoroughly assorted. A researcher who closed his eyes then picked any numbered sample from the region. The sample picked by the researcher would represent the subject of the examination.
Designing Intervention Study
Experimental Study Design is the best method to adopt since it inquires to establish whether an intervention had the proposed reasoned-impact on planned participants. “Three important components in the Experimental Study Design are: a treatment and control group; pre-post design; a random assignment of study participants” (Engel & Schutt, 2005).
Question of Ethics
National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is a benevolent association formed to improve the well-being of people, families and societies through the development of social effort.
According to Engel & Schutt, the aim of the institute is to build up social work strategy and practical matters, provide rapid support to social problems, sustain research programs to offer relevant resolutions to social crises in communities, hold up growth through promotion of education to tackle crucial life matters, and advance suitable relevance of new technology for performance of social work (2005).
References
Caputo, R. (2007). Social Theory & its Relation to Social Problems: an Essay about Theory and Research with Social Justice in Mind. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 34, 11-14.
Dolch, N., & Peck, D. (2001). Extraordinary Behavior: a Case Study Approach to Understanding Social Problems. London: Praeger.
Engel, R., & Schutt, R. (2005). The Practice of Research in Social Work. California: Sage Publications, Inc.