Introduction
For the first time in human history, more than half of humanity resides in cities (urban areas) slightly more than in rural area; consequently, the globe is becoming progressively more urbanized. The expected population living in the cities of Canada and the world is proposed to more than double between 1990 and 2025, increasing from 2.4 billion to 5.5 billion. The massive increase in city inhabitants related to the economic expansion of cities has added to concern about the sustainability of cities.
Progress towards a more sustainable development of cities in Canada and ensuring the social welfare of current and upcoming generations increases significant challenges for policy making. It implies that the goals of growing economic effectiveness and material possessions must consider social and ecological objectives and must be placed in an inter-temporal structure.
Sustainable Development is necessary in each nation to satisfy human needs and alleviate the standards of living. Certainly, development activities change the environment and utilize natural resources in numerous diverse ways. Occasionally, and frequently without knowledge or intention, resources are damaged or destroyed, while this may not constantly be obvious over the short term. Nevertheless for development to be sustainable, it must be dependent on long term and make certain that the environmental resources on which it depends are not diminished in strength, quality, or utility – but preserved for the advantage of the present and future population.
Sustainable development, or sustainability for short, is simply understood at its most fundamental point. It means basically that in a universal setting any system of production and management of material wealth or social development should advance, not damage or destroy, the environment (Beckerman, 1994).
The concept of Sustainability
Sustainability is setting off to best advantage an objective of certified metropolitan plans both in Canada and worldwide, and is also communicating information or knowledge to the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, environmental planning, and many other disciplines (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).
However, sustainability has persuaded present day city contrivers. Various planners disagree that contemporary standard of living exploit raw materials, contaminating or spiflicating a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment, rising social difference, and causing increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere. A lot of city planners in Canada, as a result, support the building of sustainable cities (Wheeler, 1998).
On the other hand, sustainable in cities is a modern, contentious idea (Wheeler, 1998). Wheeler, in his book Planning Sustainable and Liveable Cities, defined development of sustainability in cities as “development that ameliorates the continuing public and environmental wellbeing of cities” He portrays the sustainability of a city as dense, efficient usage of land sequentially providing better and favourable human habitat (Wheeler, 1998).
In this context of use, should we not also be reviewing how we classify city systems, both conceptually and spatially? Possibly it is time to reflect on cities as complete systems. With respect to their inherent nature, they include not just the connecting point of intense action as currently believed, but also the whole supportive remote and undeveloped area. Several city districts in Canada could be reorganised properly to include much of their supportive locality into their political areas. Short of so great conceptual increase, there is much that can be completed gradually to increase the sustainability of the cities. Furthermore, we should emphasize on how, planners and policy-makers should find ways in the area of land use:
- incorporate planning for city size/form, urban compactness, and resolution (nodal) patterns in ways that reduces the energy, material, and land use necessity of cities and their residents;
- exploit of the multifunctionality green areas (for example, aesthetic, carbon sink, climate modification, food production functions) both within and outside the city;
- incorporate open space development with other policies to raise neighbourhood self-sufficiency as regards food production, forest products, water supply, carbon sinks, and so on (for example, domestic waste systems should be planned to allow the reprocessing of manure back on to regional agricultural and forest lands);
- safeguard the integrity and output of local environments to decrease the natural load imposed on distant systems and global common pool;
- Endeavour for zero-impact growth. The destruction of ecosystems and related biophysical services due to urban growth in one area should be compensated for by equivalent ecosystem rehabilitation in another.
All such methods bring us nearer to identifying the city as the vital position in a spatially extensive human ecosystem (the total human patch) and consequently as the suitable venue for the implementation of materially noteworthy sustainability plans.
The argument in this context is that the current international development concept is unsustainable. For the most part, the universal development representation disregards the realities of physics as applied to biological problems, the behavioural peculiarity of the compound systems, and the social perspective of development. Where problems are acknowledged they are treated as short-term irregularity agreeable to technological immediate fixes. Otherwise, the complete development is perceived as containing the result to every problem involving social as well as economic factors. A more biophysically practical method would necessitate recognition that present levels of material utilization already surpass the long-term carrying ability in Canada and that the consumer standards of living of Canada and developed countries cannot be extended sustainably to the entire human populace with existing technology. It would also distinguish that all latest development should be zero-impact development that is; it should not emphasis in sustainability planning from amounts and proportions of growth towards qualitative development.
This competency goal is evidently further than realization under existing market conditions, yet fixed and absolute interests and complete political inactivity slows down the carrying out of ecological economic restructurings that might motivate the private sector to attain it.
In the final analysis, it seems that achieving sustainability may not be as much about technology as it is about meaning, values and behaviour. Indeed, focusing on behavioural change may be the most effective strategy to address the sustainability conundrum, particularly in the so-called advanced economies: it is also the most responsible strategy in an ethical manner in many cases, because it requires that results to difficulties be sited in their origins: humans, their manner of acting or controlling and their institutions (Jamieson 1996). The point is that people can learn to live more materially simple lives and be the better for it, since modern cities in Canada draws its resources from across the world and requires a huge notional land area to assimilate its waste products; it has a very large ecological footprints. However, because this is where people and material transformations are concentrated, innovation in such cities to improve the effectiveness of resource use can make an important contribution towards sustainable development.
Works Cited
Beckerman, Wilfred. (1994) Sustainable development: Is it a useful concept?’ Environmental Values 3, 3: 191–209.
Jamieson, D. ‘Ethics and international climate change’, Climate change 33: 323-36. 1996.
Wheeler, Stephen. “Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities”. New York, Routledge, 1998.
World Commission on Environment and Development. “Towards Sustainable Development.” in “The City Reader,” 4th edition. London and New York: Routledge, 1987.