Globalization has changed social and cultural relations, economic and political situations in the world. The main changes in economic and political life have been caused by the greater participation of women in the labour force and access to education. Globalization creates new opportunities for both men and women to educate and receive good education abroad. Place of residence provides an indicator of educational and occupational opportunities. It is assumed that rural and urban areas differ in social and economic structures.
The chain change that influenced integration and globalization processes is an increased number of men coming to cities. Large cities and bigger towns have an advantage over rural communities in terms of educational facilities and work opportunities. Residence in more urban settings during the pre-employment period is expected to influence schooling and employment. This study will include the location of residence at birth and at age fifteen, specifically whether or not the respondents had resided in the capital city during these periods in their lives. Timing of entry is an important aspect of labour-force participation. Early entry may deprive women of the opportunity for educational advancement and lock them into low-status jobs. At the same time, entry into the wage labour force initiates some degree of economic independence. Utilizing life-table techniques, we will examine both the cumulative proportion of women who have entered the labour force at each age and the rate of entry at each age. The rate of entry will be decomposed into two components: entry into gainful or unpaid work. Effects of mother’s status and age at entry are generally not Large nor are they consistent across countries. Nevertheless, the tendency is for mother’s education to improve employment status, for mother’s employment to reduce status, and for early entrance to reduce status. education is the major means through which women obtain higher status jobs. If other factors have much influence, it is because they promote educational achievement. It must be remembered, however, that the higher status jobs available to women are in sex-typed positions. Apparently, the pay associated with high-status, female-typed jobs is not very high. Other variables with positive effects on earnings (although not statistically significant) are age, having a previous marriage, work performed at home, and the presence of non-relatives in the household. The explanatory variables with negative effects on earnings are father’s education, father’s occupational prestige, mother’s education, mother’s employment, work hours, and presence of relatives in the household.
Greater participation of women in the labour force creates new industries and services such as the fashion industry and film industry, the political leadership of women and the equal rights movement. Characteristics of current economic activity are influenced by socioeconomic background, educational attainment, early work experiences, and household conditions. The effects of each of these variables vary in each country; however, some common relationships appear. Education is positively related to labour force participation, especially in gainful employment. It is also very influential in increasing current occupational status and earnings, as well as motivating women to work outside the home. Parental and community background have minimal contribution to current economic characteristics: their major effects occur at earlier stages, such as the attainment of education and initial entry into the labour force. These steps in late adolescence and early adulthood, in turn, influence current status. hold conditions vary in their effects on current economic behaviour. The presence of others in the household increases the likelihood of working outside the home, as well as hours of work. The presence of children reduces the probability of entering the labour force; however, if the woman is in the labour force, the presence of children increases her chances of working at home. Of the employment characteristics considered, the model is best able to account for variation in occupational status, but it can also explain a fair amount of the variation in other characteristics. Since poverty generally characterizes the economic conditions of women, the applicability and significance of the model lie in its ability to identify the means by which the socioeconomic conditions of women in developing nations can be improved. Although this study is not designed to explicitly evaluate particular policies, results have some policy implications.
The contemporary experience of living and acting across cultural borders means both the loss of traditional meanings and the creation of new symbolic expressions. Reconstructed feelings of belonging coexist in uneasy tension with a sense of placelessness. Cultural globalization has contributed to a remarkable shift in people’s consciousness. In fact, it appears that the old structures of modernity are slowly giving way to a new ‘postmodern’ framework characterized by a less stable sense of identity and knowledge. Saturating global cultural reality with formulaic TV shows and mindless advertisements, these corporations increasingly shape people’s identities and the structure of desires around the world. During the last two decades, a small group of very large TNCs have come to dominate the global market for entertainment, news, television, and film. TV programmes turn into global ‘gossip markets’, presenting viewers and readers of all ages with the vacuous details of the private lives of American celebrities like Britney Spears, Jennifer Lopez, Leonardo DiCaprio, and Kobe Bryant. Evidence suggests that people all over the world – but especially those from wealthy countries of the Northern hemisphere – are watching more television than ever before.
Policies that ignore the economic role of women may, in fact, be detrimental to women. For example, attempts to implement new agricultural techniques have often assumed that men are in charge of all agricultural production. Giving all new information to men places women at a disadvantage, even though women play an important role in many forms of agricultural production. The results indicate that a substantial percentage of women work in some countries, and these women often have important roles in family businesses. The inclusion of working women in the dissemination of new programs should be a high priority. Policies are implemented through administrative and managerial positions. Our results show that women do not generally hold these types of positions. Indeed, fewer than 3 per cent of employed women are in administrative or managerial positions in each of the three countries considered. Although there are more female professionals, these jobs are in education and health care. Thus, women have very little input at the highest levels of organizational control. Unless policy implementation penetrates beneath the upper levels of control, it is doubtful that the policies will be directly responsive to the needs of women. Development efforts were undertaken to help Third World women have often been in the form of welfare-oriented programs.
In sum, increased participation of women in the labour force and education has changed traditional gender roles and social relations. Globalization is influenced by the fashion industry and the promotion of political rights for women, new leadership positions and the status of women in the world. Thus, men still play a dominant role in the global economy and political life. In consequence, giving women equal access to education and implementation of family planning has been easier in some Buddhist countries than in many other settings. Perhaps this has facilitated the entry of Thai women into the wage labour force. Globalization levels gender differences are influenced by new gender roles and acceptance of women as equal to men in society.
Bibliography
Bhagwati, J. 2001, In Defense of Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Cloke P, Crang P, Goodwin M, Eds, 2005 Introducing Human Geographies, Second Edition, London, Arnold.
Easterly, W. 2001, The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists’ Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press.
MacGillivray, A. 2005, Globalization. Carroll & Graf.
O’Brien, R., Goetze, A., Scholte, J., Williams, M., Helleiner, E. 2000, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Webber, D., Fort, B. 2006, Regional Integration in Europe and East Asia: Convergence and Divergence? Routledge.