In this exercise, multiple regression analysis is carried out to investigate the impact of different factors including Usefulness, Male-Dominated Field, Tutor Attitudes, Confidence, and Age that are considered as the independent variables affecting the Self-Efficacy of students that is the dependent variable in this study (Dancey & Reidy, 2017). According to the studies including Bleidorn et al. (2016) and ELDaou (2016), there is a positive relationship between self-esteem and usefulness, confidence, age, and the tutor’s attitude. Javed and Tariq (2016) conclude that female students may experience low self-esteem in choosing careers dominated by males. Therefore, the regression analysis carried out in this exercise tests the following hypotheses.
- H0: There is no relationship between self-esteem and usefulness, confidence, male-dominated field, tutor’s attitude, and age.
- H1: There is a significant relationship between self-esteem and usefulness, confidence, male-dominated field, the tutor’s attitude, and age.
Table 1: Model Summary.
The model summary provided in Table 1 indicates that the value of R-square is 0.338, which means that the relationship between the dependent variable and its predictors is not fully explained by the regression analysis. There are a lot of variations as indicated in Table 2 that remain unexplained by the model. However, it could also be noted that the significant F is less than the alpha value of 0.05, which represents the confidence level (Sen & Srivastava, 2013). It means that the findings of the regression analysis are significant.
Table 2: ANOVA.
Table 3: Coefficients.
Based on the values of the coefficient of each relationship provided in Table 3, the following regression equation is obtained.
Self-Efficacy = 166.876 -.455 x Usefulness -.206 x Male Dominated Field -.772 x Tutor Attitudes -1.082 x Confidence + 2.984 x Age
It could be indicated that the coefficient of the constant is 166.876, which means that this value is not explained by the linear model. The coefficient of Usefulness is negative, which means that there is an inverse relationship between Self-Efficacy and Usefulness, i.e., if the value of Usefulness increases, then the value of Self-Efficacy decreases. The coefficient of the Male-Dominated Field is also negative, which means that there is an inverse relationship between Self-Efficacy and Male-Dominated Field, i.e., if the value of the Male-Dominated Field increases, then the value of Self-Efficacy decreases. The coefficient of Tutor Attitudes is negative, which means that there is an inverse relationship between Self-Efficacy and Tutor Attitudes, i.e., if the value of Tutor Attitudes increases, then the value of Self-Efficacy decreases. The coefficient of Confidence is also negative, which means that there is an inverse relationship between Self-Efficacy and Confidence, i.e., if the value of Confidence increases, then the value of Self-Efficacy decreases. The coefficient of Age is positive, which means that there is a direct relationship between Self-Efficacy and Age, i.e., if the value of Age increases, then the value of Self-Efficacy also increases. The p-value of all independent variables other than Confidence is greater than the standard error of 5%, which means that the relationship between Confidence and Self-Efficacy is significant and others are insignificant (Rumsey, 2016). It also means that the null hypothesis is accepted for all independent variables other than Confidence.
References
Bleidorn, W., Arslan, R. C., Denissen, J. J., Rentfrow, P. J., Gebauer, J. E., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2016). Age and gender differences in self-esteem – A cross-cultural window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(3), 396–410.
Dancey, C., & Reidy, J. (2017). Statistics without maths for psychology (7th ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson.
ELDaou, B. (2016). The relationship between teacher’s self-e cacy, a tudes towards ict usefulness and student’s science performance in the Lebanese inclusive schools 2015. iMedPub Journals, 2(3), 1-10.
Javed, Z., & Tariq, O. (2016). Career-decisions, self-efficacy and self-esteem among students of private and government academic institutions. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14(2), 42-46.
Rumsey, D. J. (2016). Statistics for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Sen, ‎. K., & Srivastava, M. S. (2013). Regression analysis: Theory, methods and applications. Chicago, IL: Springer.