Introduction
Aging changes in the skin are a condition and development that naturally happens when people grow older. It is based on an accumulation of cellular because of the deterioration of regenerative processes (Gerasymchuk et al., 2022). It is revealed through the whitening or graving of hair with nerve receptors that make individuals feel touch, pain, and pressure (MedlinePlus, 2020). The precise and effective administration of therapeutic substances is one of the main objectives of skin treatment. For this, liposomes have been studied in great detail. A vesicle having one or more double layers of phospholipid and cholesterol that may or may not enclose a significant aqueous area is known as a liposome. Liposomes’ key benefit is their ability to encapsulate and occasionally deliver hydrophobic and hydrophilic medications to a therapeutic target. This is conceivable because the massive water core of the liposome can encapsulate hydrophilic pharmaceuticals. In contrast, the liposome’s lipid bilayer can entrap hydrophobic molecules and contain anionic, cationic, or neutral phospholipids.
Reason for selecting a chosen topic
This review is critical in helping people understand skin problems and find solutions to maintain healthy skin as they age (What Do We Know about Healthy Aging? n.d.).
Limitations to the Research
The technique relies on documented knowledge; thus, the researcher cannot control the quality of the data, and time-consuming as well (Evaluation Briefs, 2018).
Resources Accessed
The analysis will be based on the document review method of data collection. It involved an assessment of online articles, journal entries, books, and website articles to extract relevant data and develop insightful information from them.
Aging Skin Disorder
An intricate metabolic pathway, skin aging is regulated by both endogenous and exogenous elements. Together, these elements cause cumulative structural and physiologic changes, continuous changes in each skin layer, and alterations in the skin’s appearance, particularly on skin exposed to the sun. Prematurely photoaged skin often has a thicker epidermis, mottled discoloration, deep wrinkles, suppleness, dullness, and roughness in opposition to thin and atrophic, finely wrinkled, and dry intrinsically aged skin. Sagging is a result of the skin’s suppleness gradually deteriorating.
A general overview of the Disorder
Skin aging has extrinsic and intrinsic characteristics, with the latter attributed to environmental factors, including air pollution and exposure to the sun. Intrinsic aging is caused by the genetic composition of an individual and depends on time. Aging skin is dry with wrinkles, pigmented lesions, and elastosis (Gorog et al., 2022). About 90% of apparent aging symptoms in Australians result from chronic sun exposure (Ageing Skin and Rejuvenation, 2022). It is projected that individuals aged 65 and above will rise from 13% in 2010 to 23% by 2050 (Ageing Skin and Rejuvenation, 2022).
Consequently, this has led to a rise in skin cancer in Australia, with close to 80% of all cancer cases being of a skin nature. Additionally, it negatively impacts the health and economy of individuals, families, and communities (Department of Health and Age Care, n.d.). It places a heavy financial burden on the government to provide health services.
Pathophysiology
The process of skin getting older involves gene mutation and cellular metabolism. The outer layer becomes thin with aging, but several cell layers are unchanged. Further, the disorder is aided by glycation, free radicals, cell cycle, and molecular mechanisms. Skin quality fades with age because of chronological, photo-aging, hormonal deficiency, and environmental influences (Chaudhary et al., 2020). It is characterized by a reduced number of fibroblasts that affect the synthesis of collagen and vessels which supply the skin, leading to wrinkles. Skin aging necessitates abnormalities such as susceptibility to infection, skin appearance, and neurodegenerative disorders. Numerous physiological changes are connected to aging. Research is required to foresee, recognize, and, if appropriate, handle these changes. Anti-aging creams are often moisturizer-based cosmeceutical skincare items that claim to make users look younger by minimizing, concealing, or avoiding the indications of aging skin. In multiple short-lived experimental models, caloric restriction increases lifespan and improves health, and it has revealed the function of various molecular effectors involved in nutrition sensing pathways and longevity. This allows modifying these molecular effectors in humans to extend life and improve health. Caloric restriction, time-restricted feeding, intermittent fasting, fasting mimicking diets, diets with low levels of specific nutrients, and diets rich in phytochemicals and essential fatty acids are some of the nutritional therapies for anti-aging. The investigation is necessary because despite using these interventions, aging skin is still a big issue.
Causes
Skin aging is a complex process determined by an individual’s genetic makeup and environmental elements. However, sun exposure is the most significant contributor to skin aging, according to the Skin Health Institute (2022). A combination of biological and atmospheric factors includes exposure to sunlight, air pollution, and lifestyle choices (McDaniel et al., 2018). The skin becomes thinner, transparent, and less luminous for intrinsic aging. Extreme UV light breaks elastin in the dermis and causes the skin to sag and stretch, leading to easy bruises and tears that take a long to heal (Rodrigues, 2018). Smoking cigarette creates insufficient oxygen supply to the skin, blocks blood vessels, and increases enzymes that break down collagen leading to wrinkles.
The Treatment Intervention
Many anti-aging treatment measures involve systematic therapeutic mechanisms that rejuvenate the skin. Retinoids, chemical peels, and dermabrasion, when applied on the skin, reduce severe damage caused by the sun (WebMD, 2021). Cell transplantation improves the quality and volume of the skin. Laboratory tests show that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) enhance skin regeneration during aging (Zhang & Duan, 2018).
There are several in-office techniques, the majority of which aim to “resurface” the epidermis: remove the damaged epidermis and replace the tissue with redesigned skin layers while occasionally encouraging the production of new collagen. Shortly, technical development and innovation in the emerging disciplines of tissue engineering and gene therapy will likely allow anyone to utilize the potential of cytokines and telomerase someday.
Injectables & fillers, laser therapy, and topical therapies are the most frequently used treatment procedures for women over 35 (Ahluwalia & Fabi, 2019). For example, laser treatments are resurfacing surgery that decreases the appearance of wrinkles and age spots (Holcomb et al., 2022). Hyaluronic acid and Ceramides are equally essential ingredients in any beneficial moisturizer (Spada et al., 2018). However, efforts to postpone, stop and even reverse the aging process continue to increase research on aging-related disorders to advance health and life span.
Effective Anti-Ageing Treatments for Women Over 35
Skin aging manifests in many ways, including wrinkles, uneven skin tone, and dryness. Both internal and external factors contribute to the causes of aging. Human skin needs water and lipid-soluble nutrient components such as hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants (Rattanawiwatpong et al., 2020). Additionally, Vitamins C and E, key in protecting the skin in the aging process, must be supplied to the body constantly. This review looked into the treatment methods and their effectiveness in reducing aging skin (Greenlaw, 2021). Further, it examined the interventions’ effectiveness, weaknesses, and gaps in skin aging medication.
Treatment Methods
Anti-aging treatment includes therapies that are carried out to improve the appearance or the beauty of the skin. Firstly, botulinum toxin injections remove the fine lines in the face, keeping the muscles tight to eliminate wrinkles. It usually takes three to four months for results to be realized. Secondly, dermabrasion therapy causes sun damage by removing the face’s outer layer of the skin. Depending on how severe the lesions are, it can take a variation of sessions, and the impact always takes many weeks to be visible (Brilliant Skin Australia, 2022). Thirdly, microdermabrasion uses a machine to spray small particles on the skin, and because it has a little abrasive effect, it may require many sessions. The patient’s skin could be red for one to two weeks and takes a long to regenerate.
For laser, the medic places a unique light on the skin. It then penetrates and stimulates the growth of new skin cells. To make the dry parts of the skin soft and younger. However, it may cause redness and pain, and it could take weeks to regenerate the skin. Changing lifestyle and good physical care is an efficient, less expensive, and the best but most challenging method to treat skin aging Cao et al., 2020). HIFU is among the best rejuvenation techniques, which creates an instant facelift, tightens skin, and eliminates wrinkles (Brilliant Skin Australia, 2022). Additionally, dermal filler injections fill the layer beneath the wrinkles, and their results can last for two or three years.
Effectiveness of the Treatment Interventions
The best treatment depends on the particular concern that the patient wants to address. However, the standard medications are facials, injectables, fillers, lasers, and topical products. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy and micro-needling are the most efficient facials (Atiyeh et al., 2021). Botox or Dysport are excellent for fine lines and wrinkles for injectables, while fillers are suitable for mitigating facial volume loss (The Dermatology Specialists, n.d.). On the other hand, laser treatments have proven to reduce fine lines and fade spots, with studies revealing that laser with carbon dioxide eliminates 45% of wrinkles about two years after the procedure, according to InStyle’s Transformative Beauty study, which interviewed over 2,000 women across the U.S (Greaves, 2022). The findings indicated that, for patients who want fine lines, the research found that Botox cosmetics are the most effective treatment.
Weaknesses of Some Skin Ageing Treatments
Several weaknesses come with various skin aging treatments. Firstly, the formulation is complex for most topical skincare because their ingredients cannot penetrate the skin barrier easily. Thus, there is only a limit to which many skin care products can influence the skin over time (Skin Essentials, 2021). Injectables seem to work better than all skincare interventions; currently, none of the latter can compare to the former. Further, all skincare involves several treatments and modalities typically compared to injectables, which are done only once. Additionally, skincare alone cannot remove wrinkles and will not replace hollows and dark circles under the eyes, unlike injections.
Gaps in Skin Ageing Medication
Australia has one of the oldest populations in the world, and UV radiation from the sun causes significant health problems. In Australia, it is estimated that excessive UVR exposure is the root cause of 95% of melanomas and 99% of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) (Walker et al., 2022). This is complicated by the fact that Australia is one of the nations with the fairest skin tones, making its residents vulnerable to the dangers posed by the environment’s high UVR levels. The aged, especially women, have not been effectively shielded from the problems associated with aging skin by the treatments currently available. The government’s spending is likewise inadequate, and there are no systems to gather patient data. This pattern makes it urgent to develop a clinical remedy for some age-related skin defects (Tobin, 2017). Therefore, the best chance to stop skin aging is through a comprehensive plan that includes public awareness campaigns and legislative changes.
Conclusion
Both internal and external factors contribute to the causes of aging. Anti-aging treatment includes therapies to improve the appearance or the skin’s beauty, such as botulinum toxin injections, dermabrasion therapy, microdermabrasion, and laser. Consequently, the best treatment depends on the particular concern that the patient wants to address. However, the standard medications are facials, injectables, fillers, lasers, and topical products. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment and micro-needling were the most effective anti-aging facials.
Extrinsic and intrinsic aspects of skin aging exist, with the latter being linked to environmental variables such as air pollution and sun exposure. Numerous studies that include skin rejuvenation therapy are used as an anti-aging treatment. The effectiveness of several treatments for slowing the aging process was examined in this review (Greenlaw, 2021). Therapies used to enhance the skin’s beauty, or look are included in anti-aging treatments. Botulinum toxin injections, dermabrasion therapy, microdermabrasion, and laser are a few anti-aging treatments that aim to enhance the skin’s beauty. The most successful anti-aging facials used micro-needling and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy.
Interestingly, Botox or Dysport are excellent for fine lines and wrinkles, while fillers are suitable for mitigating facial volume loss. Lastly, Australia has the highest aging population, but it has a gap since all the treatment mechanisms are not meeting the needs of older women. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy comprising public education and regulatory measures presents the best chance to curb skin aging.
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