Architecture: Analysis of Architectural Objects Report (Assessment)

Name (or nickname): Abbey Church of St. Denis

• Date: 1137-1144 (Early Gothic Phase)
• 1231- 1281 (Rayonnant Phase)
• Location (city, country): near Paris, France
• Type of building/function of the building: 8th century – French Royal monastery, burial place of royalty. 12th-13th century – church
• Who built it (patron, architect): Abbot Suger
• Style of architecture: Gothic. Renovations of 1231-1281 = Rayonnant Style
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Flying buttresses. Blind arcades. Lancet windows. Crenellations. Rib vaults. Clerestory. Glazed triforium. Compound piers. Arcade. Painting with light. Stained glass. Tracery. Rose window. Apse with chapels.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Early Gothic façade shows Romanesque influence in the western façade.

Name (or nickname): Notre Dame Cathedral

• Date: 1155-1205
• Location (city, country): Laon, France
• Type of building/function of the building: cathedral.
• Who built it (patron, architect): Villard de Honnecourt
• Style of architecture: French Gothic
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Triple portal. Gable. Rose window. Pinnacle. Lancet windows. Gallery. Clerestory. Triforium. Arcade. Rib vaults. Flying buttresses.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: The best example of pure early Gothic architecture in northern France.

Name (or nickname): Notre Dame Cathedral

• Date: 1194-1230
• Location (city, country): Chartres, France
• Type of building/function of the building: cathedral
• Who built it (patron, architect): Abbot Fulbert
• Style of architecture: French Gothic
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Flying buttresses. Clerestory. Triforium. Arcade. Lancet windows. Rose windows.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: The tunic of the Virgin Mary is a relic given to Chartres by King Charles the Bald in 876.

Name (or nickname): Sainte-Chapelle

• Date: 1243-1248
• Location (city, country): Paris, France
• Type of building/function of the building: part of the royal palace and to hold important relics and serve as a propaganda statement.
• Who built it (patron, architect): Louis IX
• Style of architecture: Rayonnant Gothic
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Buttresses supporting the wall. Iron-tie rods built into the masonry to link the buttresses and support the stained-glass windows.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Relics: the crown of thorns, a nail used in the Crucifixion, and a fragment of the True Cross.

Name (or nickname): White Tower (Tower of London)

• Date: 1078-1080
• Location (city, country): London, England
• Type of building/function of the building: residence and defensive structure
• Who built it (patron, architect): William the Conqueror
• Style of architecture: Romanesque
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Built of stone. The bottom of the wall splays outward. Towers at three corners. Battlements at top. Spiral staircase.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Was built following Norman victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066

Name (or nickname): Caernarfon Castle

• Date: 13th-14th centuries (begun 1283)
• Location (city, country): Gwynedd, Wales (United Kingdom)
• Type of building/function of the building: Strategic defensive location on the coast and alongside a river.
• Who built it (patron, architect): Edward I, King of England
• Style of architecture: Medieval architecture
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Curtain wall and towers built of limestone.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Castle as administrative center and symbol of political and military control. The visibility of the castle promotes a message of conquest, English rule in Wales.

Name (or nickname): Medieval Longhouse

• Date: around 12^th century
• Location (city, country): Europe
• Type of building/function of the building: combined house and barn
• Who built it (patron, architect): Landowners with greater wealth
• Style of architecture: Medieval architecture
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Local building materials and techniques. Long rectangular plan, a residential section with central hearth, perhaps second room for sleeping or storage. Barn for livestock. Solar. Wooden supports, thatch roof. Timber, wattle, and daub.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Design determined by climate, function – a reflection of social standing.

Name (or nickname): Cressing Temple. Wheat Barn

• Date: 12th-13th centuries. Wheat Barn: 1257-1280
• Location (city, country): Essex, United Kingdom
• Type of building/function of the building: Agricultural estate of the Knights Templar
• Who built it (patron, architect): The Knights Templar
• Style of architecture: Medieval architecture
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Built of oak on stone sill, post-and-lintel construction with trusses to support roof. Stone sill below wood. One scholar estimates that 470 trees were used in its construction.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: The Knights Templar used the revenues to support their mission to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land.

Name (or nickname): Manor House at Boothby Pagnell

• Date: ca. 1180
• Location (city, country): Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
• Type of building/function of the building: manor house probably built for a Norman knight and family.
• Who built it (patron, architect): unknown
• Style of architecture: Norman
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Fortified manor house built of stone. Ground floor has vaults, was used for storage. Hall and solar on floor above.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Built as the residence for a Norman knight

Name (or nickname): Hospital of Notre Dame de Fontenilles

• Date: founded 1293
• Location (city, country): Tonnerre, France
• Type of building/function of the building: Hospital to care for the sick, the poor, pregnant women, widows, and orphans.
• Who built it (patron, architect): Margaret of Burgundy, widow of Charles I, King of Naples
• Style of architecture: Medieval architecture
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Hall measures 90m long x 18m high x 27m high. Horizontal oak timbers with vertical king posts. Barrel vault ceiling with oak paneling. Chapel.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Hospitals developed as places where people could seek care for illness, infirmity, or simply food and shelter. Medical knowledge in Europe was very limited in the Medieval period, so hospitals focused on the care and salvation of the terminally ill.

Name (or nickname): Bastide

• Date: 13th century
• Location (city, country): Carcassonne, France
• Type of building/function of the building: a new town to encourage trade and commerce and generate revenue.
• Who built it (patron, architect): French King Louis IX
• Style of architecture: Medieval architecture
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Rectangular (orthogonal) grid plan. Orthogonal plan (streets intersect at right angles). No walls, so it could expand over time. Marketplace at center (often surrounded by arcaded buildings). Church near center. Uniform lot sizes.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Architecture designed to allow defenders to shoot from within towers and along platforms using arrows and catapults and to dump stones or boiling liquids on persons trying to undermine or scale the wall.

Name (or nickname): Palazzo Pubblico and the Piazza del Campo

• Date: begun 1298
• Location (city, country): Siena, Italy
• Type of building/function of the building: Center of municipal government and civic activities, including town council, residence of the mayor, a mint, and customs office.
• Who built it (patron, architect): Muccio and Francesco di Rinaldo
• Style of architecture: Italian medieval architecture with Gothic influence
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Structure built of brick with stone on
• ground floor. Sienese arch, with a tall pointed arch above a shorter, rounded arch.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Byzantine and Islamic Influence on Medieval Europe

Name (or nickname): Doge’s Palace

• Date: 1309-1424
• Location (city, country): Venice, Italy
• Type of building/function of the building: a residential palace and the seat of the Venetian government
• Who built it (patron, architect): Filippo Calendario
• Style of architecture: Venetian Gothic
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Second floor gallery with ogival arches and
• tracery. Sculptural program inspired by Gothic churches. Open ground-level arcade and the cresting on the roofline. Colored tiles in a geometric pattern.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: The style is a mixture of medieval European (Gothic) and Mamluk (Islamic) architecture.

Name (or nickname): Ca’ d’Oro

• Date: 1421-1440
• Location (city, country): Venice, Italy
• Type of building/function of the building: palace
• Who built it (patron, architect): Giovanni Bon. Bartolomeo Bon
• Style of architecture: Venetian Gothic architecture
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Built of brick with timber foundations and ties. Stone façade applied to the brick structure. Quay. Loggia (galleries). The façade reuses materials from the former Zeno house, “architectural memory.” Ogee, interlaced arch shapes. Red and white stones.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Its plan and elevation combine functional business areas (fondaco), including secure storage (mezzanine) and richly decorated living quarters (upper floors).

Name (or nickname): Canterbury Cathedral

• Date: 1175-1184 = Early English Phase,
• 14th-15th century = Perpendicular Phase
• Location (city, country): England
• Type of building/function of the building: cathedral
• Who built it (patron, architect): William of Sens, William the Englishman. John of Hoo. John Wastell.
• Style of architecture: Early English Gothic
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Decorative use of dark stone. “Purbeck marble” for column shafts. Horizontal accents. Verticality and continuous lines.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Three Gothic phases.

Name (or nickname): Salisbury Cathedral

• Date: 1220-1258, cloisters completed 1284, tower 1334-1380.
• Location (city, country): England
• Type of building/function of the building: cathedral
• Who built it (patron, architect): Richard Poore. Elias of Dereham. James Wyatt. George Gilbert Scott.
• Style of architecture: English Gothic
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Central nave, aisles. Two transepts, tower above west crossing. Square end at east (no apse). Cloister and chapter house to south. Arcade. Gallery. Clerestory. String course of Purbeck stone between each element. Four-part vaults spring from corbels. Pointed arch and bosses. Tracery between the main arcades. Blind tracery.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: It presents the rare example of an English Gothic cathedral built almost entirely in a homogeneous style.

Name (or nickname): Santa Maria Novella

• Date: 1279-1310 (façade 1456-1470)
• Location (city, country): Florence, Italy
• Type of building/function of the building: a monastery for the Dominican Order. It was once dedicated to the education of children.
• Who built it (patron, architect): Leon Battista Alberti
• Style of architecture: Renaissance
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Buttresses, no flyers. Central nave. Polychrome arcades with domical vaults. Aisle. Continuous transept. Square choir flanked by chapels at east end. Engaged half-columns in walls of aisles. Clerestory has small round windows.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: The façade was completed in the Renaissance.

Name (or nickname): Tombstone of Hugues Libergier

• Date: 1263
• Location (city, country): Reims, France
• Type of building/function of the building: Tombstone
• Who built it (patron, architect): unknown
• Style of architecture: Medieval architecture
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: The figure holds a model of a church in right hand and measuring staff in left hand. At bottom left, a mason’s square. At bottom right, a compass (dividers)
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Hugues Libergier began the construction of the Abbey of Saint-Nicaise in Reims

Name (or nickname): Westminster Hall

• Date: 1394-1402 (walls originally built 11th or 12th century)
• Location (city, country): London, England
• Type of building/function of the building: The Hall was part of the Palace of Westminster and was used for gatherings
• Who built it (patron, architect): Henry Yevele (King Richard II”s chief mason) and Hugh Herland (carpenter).
• Style of architecture: Medieval architecture
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Stone used for foundations, walls, vaults, buttresses. Buttresses and flyers support the wall, pinnacles add stability. Wood used for interior hammerbeam trusses and roof. Limestone Mortar used between courses of stone masonry. Glass window panes. Lead used to secure windowpanes, in columns and roofs. Iron used in windows and as tie-rods. Terracotta and slate used for roof tiles.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Construction materials used to minimize the risk of fire

Name (or nickname): Saqsaywaman

• Date: ca. 1500
• Location (city, country): Cusco, Peru
• Type of building/function of the building: Citadel
• Who built it (patron, architect): unknown
• Style of architecture: Inca
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: This hilltop complex is surrounded by megalithic terrace walls, and included a temple, storage facilities, fountains, and reservoir. The temple is dedicated to Inti, the sun. Cyclopean masonry.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Structures blended into the natural landscape

Name (or nickname): Inca royal estate of Machu Picchu

• Date: 15th century
• Location (city, country): Peru
• Type of building/function of the building: royal estate built by aristocrats as an expression of power
• Who built it (patron, architect): unknown
• Style of architecture: Inca
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Open plazas and buildings were carefully designed for both practical purposes and to facilitate celestial observations and solar worship. A curving wall and natural granite rock. The window is aligned with the sun on the summer solstice. Simple terrace walls seen here are put together with many small blocks.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: The size of the stones and quality of masonry are an indication of the importance of the building.

Name (or nickname): Dogon Village Architecture

• Date: 16th century and following
• Location (city, country): Banani, Mali
• Type of building/function of the building: compounds of buildings that are home to extended, multi-generational families
• Who built it (patron, architect): unknown
• Style of architecture: Dogon
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Granaries, storage facilities for grain. These tall narrow structures are made of mudbrick walls with thatch roofs. They are often raised off the ground to protect from moisture. Meeting house for men made from thick stacks of millet supported by mudbrick pillars.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: The cliffs provide a natural defense as well as material for building. Each compound includes houses and granaries for storing agricultural produce.

Name (or nickname): Kasbeh, Ait-Ben-Haddou

• Date: 17th century
• Location (city, country): Morocco
• Type of building/function of the building: a fortified home for multiple families.
• Who built it (patron, architect): unknown
• Style of architecture: Vernacular architecture of Morocco
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: built of stone, fired brick, and mudbrick (adobe). The towers can reach ten stories tall and, along with the walls and protected entrances, were designed to protect and defend the people living inside.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: The architecture of Morocco reflects a diversity of cultures and lifestyles.

Name (or nickname): Church of the Raising of Lazarus, Muromansky Monastery, now at Kizhi

• Date: ca. 1391
• Location (city, country): Russia
• Type of building/function of the building: church
• Who built it (patron, architect): unknown
• Style of architecture: traditional Russian architecture with Byzantine roots
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Russian Orthodox Cross. Onion dome. Ridge beam. Pointed eaves. Larch resist rots, used for the lowest part of building. Pine is the usual material for the upper sections. Birch bark used for flashing. Aspen used for shingles. Timbers also joined with mortise and tenon.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: the oldest surviving Russian wooden building

Name (or nickname): Church of the Transfiguration

• Date: 1714
• Location (city, country): Kizhi, Russia
• Type of building/function of the building: church
• Who built it (patron, architect): Peter the Great
• Style of architecture: Russian architecture
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Domes. Bochki. The shingles were made from moist aspen or poplar, which was curved and wedged to follow the contour of the cupola. Vestibule/porch wraps around nave. Iconostasis separates nave from sanctuary.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Ground floor is an octagon similar to a Greek cross with four side chapels.

Name (or nickname): St. Basil the Blessed (Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat)

• Date: 1555-1560
• Location (city, country): Moscow, Russia
• Type of building/function of the building: cathedral
• Who built it (patron, architect): Barma and Postnik
• Style of architecture: Russian architecture
• Techniques and materials used in its construction: Central sanctuary dedicated to the Virgin, surrounded by eight chapels dedicated to saints (festival days coincide with key dates in the siege of Kazan). Built of stone and brick, but the roofs and decoration are designed like the wooden churches with ‘onion domes’ and shatyor or ‘tent roofs.’ The onion domes we see today were made in the 17th century and are covered with colorful tiles.
• What does it teach us about the culture that made it: Built to commemorate Ivan IV’s victory over the Golden Horde (Tartars/Mongols) at the battle of Kazan in 1552.