Hf Rfid Electromagnetic Emissions and Performance Research Paper

Introduction

The issues of the High-Frequency proximity Radio Frequency Identification systems have become rather important in recent years due to the wide spreading of technology and tags in various spheres of human life. Accordingly, the major focus of this work is the consideration of the High Frequency (HF) proximity Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems in the presence of electromagnetic (EM) interference. The phenomena examined in the paper include eavesdropping and the means to either facilitate or eliminate it through the coded and non-code tags. The paper also contains a review of the relevant literature and the account of the methods by which the data are collected, analyzed, and presented for consideration.

Research context

The research under consideration has the study of the High Frequency (HF) proximity Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems in the presence of electromagnetic (EM) interference. Accordingly, the context for the current research is the y’s situation when numerous items of licensed and registered, as well as private and non-licensed, the equipment can be observed in the country’s HF space thus interfering with the work of each other and making the cases of eavesdropping rather numerous. The presence of such an issue leads to certain problems that, for example, the medical or governmental equipment can have in their operation and work results. To support the research, a review of the relevant literature on the topic of HF RFID should be carried out.

Literature review

Scholars have taken their time to examine different aspects of the topic of this research. Thus, Finke and Kelter (2004) and Casciato and Sarabandi (2004) concentrate on the consideration of the transaction range that HF proximity RFID can have under different circumstances. Stating that the usual range is about 15cm, the authors claim that the remotely powered tags and readers transmit signals for a longer distance. Further on, Guerrieri and Novotny (2007) and Kumar et al., (2006) consider the different ways of HF measurement and its influence upon the possibility of eavesdropping in RFID systems. Important data can be found in the European Patent EP1033669, which considers the use of patents in devel the non-standard tags to suppress the negative effects on RFID systems. Harrington (1961) proposes the theory of the simple loop fields, while Hancke (2007) considers the carrier variations necessary to introduce to reduce the eavesdropping cases.

Research methods

The research methods used in this work include the combination of the quantitative and qualitative methods with the study of the relevant previous research on the topic of HF proximity RFID systems. The quantitative method is used to deal with figures implemented to show the results of equations and other mathematical operations involved. The analysis of the figures through the quantitative procedures allows also the implementation of the qualitative method to see the underlying messages in the figures. Finally, the combination of these methods with the study of the relevant research works by other authors allows this research paper to offer avenues for further research (see the respective section).

Data collection and presentation

The data collection procedures also started with the literature review but were continued by the direct research carried out with the help of a 1m loop with the capacity of 50Ω and the tag with 16kB of memory. Using these tools, the researchers tried to eavesdrop on signals of a commercial-off-the-shelf reader (COTS). As for the data presentation, the technical data, equations, and terminology is supported by visual aids, including schemes, pictures, and tables demonstrating the HF waves and HF proximity RFID systems’ work.

Avenues for further work

Considering the avenues for the further research work on this topic, the issues of the assurance of anti-eavesdropping protection should be considered. This research has managed to find out that the properly shielded RFID readers can be such protective means but further research is necessary to prove this point in practice. Also, the data security and the possibility of using the non-coded RFID readers in critical conditions should also be further researched.

References

1. ISO/IEC 14443 Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards — Proximity cards.
2. ISO/IEC 18000-3 Information technology — Radio frequency
3. identification for item management — Part 3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz.
4. ISO/IEC 15693 Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards – Vicinity cards.
5. ISO/IEC 18092 Information technology — telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Near Field Communication — Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1) and ISO/IEC 21481 Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol -2 (NFCIP-2). Finke, T., Kelter, H., Radio Frequency Identification -Abhormoglichkeiten der Kommunikation zwischen Lesegerat und Transponder am Beispiel eines ISO14443-Systems, Bonn 2004.
6. Guerrieri, J and Novotny, D, NIST Internal Report 818-7-71,”HF RFID Eavesdropping and Jamming Tests, 2006”, 2007.
7. European Patent EP1033669
8. Harrington, R.F., “Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields”, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961, pg. 93.
9. Hancke, G., “Modulating a noisy carrier signal for eavesdroppingresistant HF RFID”, e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Volume 124, Number 11, 2007, pp 404-8.
10. Casciato, M.D.; Sarabandi, K. “High-frequency radio wave diffraction from singly curved, convex surfaces a heuristic approach”, Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, IEE Proceedings – Volume 151, Issue 1, 2004 Page(s): 43 – 53.
11. Kumar, A., R. Uma, and V. K. Tripathi, Nonlinear reflection of a high-frequency radio wave by the ionospheric grating created by another wave, Radio Sci., 41, RS4014, 2006.