Religion Essay Examples and Topics. Page 18

2,604 samples

Catholic Social Teaching Program

It is the obligation of the members of the church to participate in community programs that help in the alleviation of poverty.
  • 5
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 819

Thomas Aquinas: Morality and God

As the matter of fact, the fourth argument has the moral aspect that shows the Aquinas's attitude towards the relationship between the God and morality.
  • Subjects: Concepts of God
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 300

The Acts of Luke in the New Testament

The Acts of Luke represent one of the parts of the New Testament tells about the life and activity of the Saint Apostles after the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 568

The Acts and the Gospel According to Paul

Known as the Acts, the narrations incorporating the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles are traditionally considered the first attempts at establishing the link between the reader and the Biblical characters, making [...]
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 580

Luke-Acts Theological Content

In the parables of the Pharisee and the tax collector and the persistent widow in Luke 18: 1-8, the essence of prayer intensely comes out as a distinctive tool that executes desired changes.
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 643

Holy Spirit in Today’s World – Theology

The Scriptures tend to take up a most important part in God's dealing with human beings, and it is, therefore, not surprising to learn that more often than not, people have replaced the role of [...]
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 812

Politics and Religion Interdependence

This essay offers a literature review on religion and politics by accentuating the interdependence of the notions and the effects of religion on politics.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 598

Thomas Jefferson’s Understanding of Christ

The ensuing discussion examines the extent to which Jefferson fulfilled his aim of finding the true teachings of Jesus in his construction of "The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth".
  • 5
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1748

Shia Islam – Religious Studies

Rashidun Caliphate is the term used in Islam to refer to the first four leaders that came after the death of Prophet Mohammed.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 869

Religious Studies of the Slavery Problem

The key point of the discussion was the prohibition or, on the contrary, the permission of the slavery on the new territories.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 614

Quran History and Analysis

The term chronology can be used to describe the history of the Quran as the text. This is one of the points that should be considered by readers.
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1138

Worship Team Role – Religion Issues

4 Much of the worship seeks to explore the interpretation of man to the Kingdom of God, all of which is dependent on the religious niche to which the worshiping music is made.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 11
  • Words: 3035

Women and the Buddhist Religion

According to Arvandi Sharma, ancient Indian women chose to become Buddhists nuns purely due to the influence of Buddha's positive ways, teachings and the Buddhism doctrines.
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1546

Women Roles in Mormonism, Wicca and Islam

Other religious practices that are crucial under the doctrine of atonement include adhering to all the commandments from God, being filled with the power of the Holy Spirit and baptism. In regards to the doctrines [...]
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 10
  • Words: 2831

Gregory of Tours’ and Augustine Religion Views

It can be a sign of the increased role of faith and Catholicism in the life of people. The two books provide an in-depth analysis of the transition of the ancient world into the medieval [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 865

Baptism Rituals and Theologies

It implies that the baptism is a vital ritual for infants while considering its outcomes to the practices of circumcision as in the time of Abraham.
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 555

Ghost Dance Religious Movement

The circle dance formed the belief systems of the Native Americans and was later given the name the ghost dance. Jack Wilson also known as Wovoka by the Paiute people, was the founder of the [...]
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 638

India’s Women in Buddhism’ Religion

Regarding the place of women in Buddhism, it is interesting to note that Buddhism is not attached to any gender despite the fact that Buddha himself has historically been a man.
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1542

Religions of the World Benefits

Religion acts as some sort of governing body which provides rules and a manual in the way life should be lived; how human beings should behave, what is right and what is wrong, what is [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 756

Celtic Christianity Evolution

Such believes included the denial of the existence of the Pope and respect to the nature. Scholars and theologies have used the Lindisfarne Gospels overtime to analyse the history, growth, and influence of the Celtic [...]
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1502

Insights on Post Christianity

This New era has come with many catastophes ranging from economic meltdowns,global warming and wars that have led to the destruction of a better America.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 563

Puritan Religion beliefs: History and Origin

Man is perceived to be part of creation of God that was made in the image of God. But the Puritans also believed that the human goodness was lost when the first parents disobeyed the [...]
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 563

Religion View on Compassion and Justice

The current state of the world is very insensitive to the plight of the poor and the sick because the government and the church alone have great responsibility of helping the needy.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 578

Religion and Morality Connection

In the words of Plato, "Piety, then, is that which is dear to the gods and impiety is that which is not dear to them"..
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1769

Women and Religious Traditions

The story of Adam and Eve in the bible also shows a woman as a person close to the devil for breaking God's command by eating the specific fruit that she was warned not to [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 854

Poorer Social Classes in Hindu and Islamic Religions

The caste system leads to the isolation and exploitation of the weak classes of the society by the upper privileged classes, since the Hindu religion and traditions view poverty and their respective social classes as [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 634

Puritan Challenges to the Religious Settlement

The way the Roman Catholic leaders approached material wealth was ungodly in the eyes of the Puritans. Accord to the teachings of the Catholic Church, material poverty was not to be celebrated.
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 992

“A Letter Concerning Toleration” by John Locke

The part that should be analyzed was taken from the middle of the paper."A Letter Concerning Toleration" was written due to the urgent issues that were spread in England in the period of Enlightenment.
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 838

Moral Theology and Ethics Principles

The right approach is to follow the above discernible norms for the best behavior. Every believer should use the scriptures and natural laws in order to lead a better life.
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 590

Traditional Food Culture in the Indian Religion

As demonstrated by this particular author, the traditional food culture is important in the Hindu religion because of the fact that food "speaks" a language that conjoins the gross and the subtle, body and spirit, [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1720

Religions Views on Euthanasia

This essay highlights religious thoughts with regard to the whole issue of euthanasia, bringing into focus the extent to which our society has been influenced by courtesy of the Dr.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 649

The Shinto Religion in the Ancient Japan

The Imperial Household Shinto entailed the Shinto ritualism, which was a practice that entailed the cleansing of the religion in the palace.
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 626

Women Role in the Church

The role of women in the church is one of the most controversial issues plaguing Christianity today. This teaching is context specific, and is not a generalization on the participation of women in ministry.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 888

Diseases and Disasters: Where Is God in All This?

Each stage of the plotline is characteristic of the freedom of God as evident in his progressive revelation of himself as a faithful God who keeps promises, but on the other hand declines to put [...]
  • Subjects: Concepts of God
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 557

Hinduism Religion: Food and Asceticism

The concept of meagerness asserts the need to supply the body with "just enough food to sustain the body for the service for which it is made". Food is an important part of the Hindu [...]
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1172

Jihad Role in Islam Religion

To the rest of the population, Millard opines that Jihad evokes conflict and war, and it is the defining factor for making Islam to have the least reception in the minds of such opponents.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1676

Biblical Worldview – Religious Studies

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the assertions of the book of Romans do not singly represent the biblical worldview. Paul attempts to explain the place of God in the creation of [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1205

Buddhism Religion History in China

The differences between the two regions of China led to the advancement of the northern and southern disciplines hence the emergence of the Mahayana Buddhism.
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 2015

To What Extent Was China a Buddhist Country?

The religion was associated with super powers and the potential to prosper, and thus many people were challenged to learn and experience it since it had compatible aspects with the Chinese Daoism.
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 2043

Eternal Life as Knowledge of God

Christians believe that avoidance of sin and emulation of the life of Jesus are sufficient to create a relationship with God.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 561

World Religions: Islam and Baha’i

Masumian notes that the Baha'i concept of heaven and hell is in relation to the closeness or detachment from God. In contrast to this, the Baha'i faith declares that there is oneness of God and [...]
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 589

History of Christian Theology

The life of Jesus Christ as a man who was born and lived in Bethlehem in Israel and his verbal teachings are used as the anchors of Christianity as a religion.
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 9
  • Words: 2532

Buddhism Religion in the East Asian Societies

This paper explores an argument whether Buddhism was a change for better or worse for the East Asian societies and concludes that even though Buddhism created a lot of discomfort during the period of introduction, [...]
  • Subjects: Sociology of Religion
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1445

The Gospel of Luke

The value of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts boils down to the fact that the Gospel should not be understood in the context of itself.
  • 5
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 598

Christian Duty to Care for Homeless People

While Catholic Social Teachings call for the people in the society to promote equality, the poor people in the society are seen as a nuisance to the financially liberated members of the society.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1392

Polygamy Concept in Islam

Polygamy is allowed in Islam to address the social and cultural problems that face men, women, and children, without violating the teachings of the religion.
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1647

Orthodox Church in China

The intention of the paper is to give a background of the Orthodox Church in China, and its future even in the midst of opposition from the Eastern religions.
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 8
  • Words: 2229

Religious Studies: Morality in Buddhism

In this case, much attention should be paid to a collection of restrictions or taboos that should govern the decisions or actions of a person. This is one of the issues that should not be [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 562

Religious Studies: Peace Between Jews and Arabs

The United States negotiators wanted the Palestinians to own the Arab part of Jerusalem, and the Israelites to remain with the Jewish part of Jerusalem, but their proposal failed.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 852

Shias and Sunnis Religious Groups

One should keep in mind that the experiences of the respondents may not coincide with the views of Sunnis and Shias who may be living in other countries.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1118

Religious Socialization in America

This essay will try to explain factors that are influential in shaping the future of religion in America. These activities by the media will help in the distribution of religion because it is no doubt [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 840

Sociology of Religion in US

In spite of the fact that religious principles are associated with the importance of maintaining peace, love, and charity, the modern world of religious expression is mostly based on the economic factors which are closely [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 815

Religious Observation of Societies

The people interacted in a friendly manner and shared their ideas effectively. The above exercise explains why human beings interpret certain events and symbols in a particular manner.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 557

Religion as a Group Phenomenon

In the same vein, it relates the importance of religious conflicts to the existing state of religion in the modern world, the comparison of religious conflicts to the church-sect typology, and the application of religious [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1129

Religion Issues: What is Catholicism?

Nestorians did not believe in the unity of divinity and humanity in Jesus Christ. The Roman Catholic Church supports the unity of divinity and humanity in Jesus Christ.
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 335

Religious Studies: Shinto’ Belief System

This differs significantly from a vast majority of current belief systems such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and the Hindu religion wherein some form of the profession of faith is necessary to be considered a member [...]
  • 1
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 543

Religious Studies: Samuel Time

Samuel was called by God in the wee hours and chosen to go to serve as a prophet to the Israelites as recorded in 1 Samuel 3:10.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 949

Seven Paths to Wisdom: Eastern Religions Specifics

For instance, it introduces the principle of a Worldly Illusion, which borders the Buddhist concept of non-self; it mentions the existence of the Timeless Truth, which makes the given religious movement rub elbows with Taoism [...]
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 886

Customary Practices Concept in Religious Issues

Despite the idea that is partaking in a group customary practice kills, the need for artistic expressivity exists, the actual introduction of group sense into the process of a habitual action, as well as the [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1087

Christianity From the 4th to the 7th Century

The time in the history of Christianity between the late Roman Empire and the Renaissance represents the difficult period of the formation of the Christian Church.
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 548

Buddhism Characteristics and Attributes

The readings under analysis focus on the main characteristics and attributes of Buddhism, as well as on schools of thought that emerged due to the spread of this teaching.
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 978

Religion Definition and Its Elements

The definition of religion is one of the questions that attract the interest of anthropologists, theologians, or social scientists. This is one of the elements that can be observed in the religious systems of various [...]
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1111

The Joseph Story

The Joseph story, like the Abraham and Jacob stories, contributes to the exposition of the theme of the Pentateuch by showing how the promises of Abraham were partially fulfilled.
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1401

The God’s World Creation Story

With respect to the first chapters of Genesis, Hamilton posits, "...the battle lines are drawn between the interpretation of the creation story and scientific knowledge about the origin of the earth and mankind".
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1389

The Bible Among the Myths

In the second chapter of the book, Oswalt embarks on a mission to set the bible apart from myths by presenting different scholars' definition of the term and trying to find the definition that suits [...]
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 11
  • Words: 3035

Civil Religion in the American Society

According to Prothero, in his book, American Jesus: How the Son of God Became a National Icon, Jesus, who is a religious icon, has played a major role in the development of the American society.
  • Subjects: Sociology of Religion
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1200

Traditional Role of Jew Women

In fact, the position of Jew women in the Biblical time is better than the position of modern American women. In fact, some of the traditional roles of Jew women are vital in the society.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 862

Portrays Jesus in the Bible

They object that God could not be portrayed as a human being due to the weakness of man, and therefore Jesus could not be God.
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 615

Lost Christianities by Bart Ehrman

Apart from that, in this book, the author demonstrates that the traditions of the antiquity affected the practices and beliefs of early Christians.
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1382

The Comparison of Buddhism and Daoism Principles

The foundational spiritual beliefs of Daoism are the idea of Tao as the search for the right way in order to achieve the universal harmony, the idea of reincarnation and eternal soul, and the principle [...]
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 583

The Book of Romans in the New Testament

The book of Romans is arguably one of the most profound epistles in the New Testament, and perhaps the most important book in the bible.
  • Subjects: Religious Writings
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1135

Christianity in the UAE: Culture and Heritage

Regardless of the given fact, Thompson's book still provides a very detailed evaluation of the relationships between the Muslims and the Christians in Dubai, as well as in the UAE in general.
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 558

Kami in traditional religion of Shinto

In my view, the civil coming-of-age ceremony, which is held annually to recognize the adulthood of individuals who will reach the age of twenty during the calendar year, can be given as a personal account [...]
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 595

An Introduction to Islam. Sunnis

The holy place of worship for the Muslim is the mosque and the general religious life of the believer is centered on this building.
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1136

Sacrifice: Symbol Transformation in Various Traditions

The shaving of a head in the ancient religion was associated with rebirth of purity or rebirth of a state where the differences in the association depended on the beliefs of the religion.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1183

“The Bible Among the Myths” by John N. Oswalt

In accordance with continuity, the person is not only symbolically the one having the tree, but the person is a section of the quintessence of the tree and the tree is similarly a section of [...]
  • Subjects: Religious Writings
  • Pages: 9
  • Words: 2529

Dalai Lama and Buddhism Tradition

Dalai Lama did not seem to care for the consequences that would follow as a result of his engagement in political activities, and was ready to engage in extremely risky activities for the sake of [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 2023

The Gospel According to Matthew

He will address the problem of consumerism, corporate greed and the fear of not having enough resources to sustain life and to achieve happiness.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1433

Benefits of Attending Churches for International Students

This proposal includes several elements: the design of brochures and leaflets about the churches in California; distribution of these leaflets; evaluation of students' experiences and attitude toward churches.
  • Subjects: Sociology of Religion
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1467

On God and Christ

When reading through the work of Saint Paul, it can be seen that his style of writing/ delivery of certain aspects of religious introspection were somewhat "limited" in that he placed a greater degree of [...]
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 576

Anapanasati: As a Method for Reading the Buddhist Goal

The third state of this method is primarily related to the emotions of a person. This is one of the main aspects that should be considered by scholars and people who are interested in Buddhism.
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 936

The Growth of Daoism in During Late Qing Dynasty

One of the factors that contributed to the growth of Daoism was institutional renewal, the emergence of writings, and the spread of Chinese culture across the region.
  • Subjects: Religion History
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 552

Buddhism Believer’s Practice: Meditation

The basic practices in meditation are taught according to the original teachings of the historical Buddha. The practice of meditation in Buddhism is primarily divided into two categories: insight and tranquility.
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 850

The Church as a Forgiving Community

The model targets the family, the school, and the church. The article enlightens the community concerning the role of the church in forgiving and educating others.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 837

Religious Teachings: Carl Barth – Church Dogmatic

It has been in the interest of many scholars to create a clear understanding of the values of God. It is through the guidance of the spiritual leaders that the peace can be maintained in [...]
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 10
  • Words: 2382

“The Bondage Breaker Study” by N.T. Anderson

The book begins with a clear disagreement with the misconceptions by today's Christian, of the existence of demons and the influence of the spiritual world.
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 866

Origin of Major World Religions

Christianity, on the other hand, is based on the teachings contained in the holy book, the Bible. Religious importance consists in the fact that it helps in understanding the world and everything within it is [...]
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 562

World Religions and Their Components

According to Streng, the expression of an ultimate dimension of existence forms a significant part in the transformation process of an individual's personal and social experience of religion.
  • Subjects: World Religions
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 567

Monotheism Developed by Abram

Thus, the main principles of Judaism are the belief in one God as a result of Abram's converting his people in monotheism and Israel's unique responsibility to God because Israel's nation is chosen by God.
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 568

The Role of the Youth Leader

Most of the youth pastors who have abandoned ministry work often argue that it is too demanding to work in a church environment.
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 868

Importance of Narrative Element in Religious Healing

Thus, the only way to communicate the religious principles to the ill person is the focus on the narrative to create the story and develop the effective dialogue between the healer and the ill individual.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 610

Sexuality in the Life of St. Augustine

The aspect that makes the matter with the sister important is that Augustine's idea of dealing with his uncontrollable sex organs and sin as a whole is through severing all ties with women.
  • Subjects: Religion Figures
  • Pages: 8
  • Words: 2287

Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 39

Thus, the participants of the Forum "explored how to involve the local church in the expression of the gospel both in the 'building up' of the disciples as well as to those outside the faith [...]
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1111

Consultation on Gospel and Culture

The authors look at the role of culture in church formation and the role of the church in influencing the culture.
  • Subjects: Religion, Culture & Society
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1109

“Quiet Talks on Prayer” Book

What disturbs the readers most in the idea of the association between the Holy Spirit and the prayer is the manner in which Gordon describes the battle between the spirits during the praying period.
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 1942

The Master Plan of Evangelism by Robert E. Coleman

Through the principles, Coleman establishes the main objective of the ministry of Jesus Christ together with the strategy of realizing it. The next section presents the critique of the main ideas, especially the principles of [...]
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1741

Spiritual Warfare: The Battle for God’s Glory

In the next two chapters of the book, the author looks at the battle between the flesh and spirit, which is the third tool used by the enemy in spiritual warfare.
  • Subjects: Theology
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 1981

Plan for Growth in Various Aspects of the Prayer Life

Therefore, this paper aims to present the discussion of readings in forming the vision of a prayer's importance and to provide the plan for improving the prayer's life with the focus on several aspects that [...]
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 1931

Worship and the Sacraments

Christ appeared to his disciples and took the bread. The Last Supper was a uniting factor that encouraged more people to enjoy God's favor.
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 585

“Humilitas” by John Dickson

The book describes how the Romans and the Greeks used the above concepts in order to achieve their goals. They should use the power of humility to understand, guide, and support their followers.
  • Subjects: Religious Education
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1099