Formal Sciences Essay Examples and Topics. Page 4

1,846 samples

Gravitation: Definition and History of Discovery

Newton stated that everybody in the Universe affects all others "with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers".
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1133

Aspects of a Statistical Report

To choose the participants of the study, the sampling method was used to represent the entire population. In the study, as shown in below, the empirical rule, the lowest numbers for 68%, 95%, and 99.
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 408

Scientific Methods in Sociology

The scientific method can be described as a series of steps: asking a question literature review building a hypothesis conducting a study concluding reporting results. In summary, the scientific method allows researchers to adhere to [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 1
  • Words: 295

“How to Lie with Statistics” by Darrell Huff

One of the examples of statisticulation is the use of maps by companies. For example, when measuring the effectiveness of a skincare product, the sample should be large enough to provide reliable data.
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 575

Wave Types in Physics Overview

For example, if when a wave propagates in a medium, the displacement of its particles occurs in the direction of the wave itself, it is commonly referred to as a longitudinal wave.
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 642

Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

In other words, a change in the intensity of magnetic flux near a closed circuit results in the induction EMF, which is opposite in direction and equal in magnitude to the flux.
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 1095

Blackjack Basic and Betting Strategies: Data Project

The goal of blackjack is to beat the dealer's point total without going over 21 and there are three ways to beat the dealer: Get 21 points on the player's first two cards without a [...]
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1670

A Null and an Alternate Hypothesis

The reason why the null hypothesis is structured this way is that the hypothesis is normally formulated for rejection. Therefore, for every null hypothesis, there should be an alternative hypothesis that is framed in such [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 570

Acceleration of a Ball in Physics

It is known that a body moving a long inclined plane, experiences acceleration due to the force of gravity, which is further affected by the mass of the body and the angle of inclination of [...]
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 630

Analysis of Sampling Methods

Regarding the convenience sampling method used in the study by Maloney & Weiss, it can be stated that due to the study design, the elements did not have equal chances for being selected and the [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 623

Collisions in One Dimension: A Physical Experiment

The objective of this experiment is to ascertain that when bodies are involved in an elastic collision, both the energy and the momentum are conserved unlike in a perfectly inelastic collision where only the momentum [...]
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1362

Sample Size (n) and Population Size (N)

The formula is as follows: Where: n- Sample size in a study Variance of the population Z2- Variance/Error2 Error2- Square of error
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 558

Sergei Natanovich Bernstein: A Prominent Mathematician

Nevertheless, in spite of all the hurdles placed before him, Serge Natanovich Bernstein persevered and in the process contributed to the development of mathematics in particular and humanity in general.
  • Subjects: Math
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1198

Practical Usages of Scientific Notation

Scientific notation is regarded as a short hand approach and plays a big role in reducing the number of zeros seen by the students. Expressing it using the scientific notation creates a value that is [...]
  • Subjects: Math
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 398

Observing Orientation Behavior in Planarian Dugesia SP

The alternate hypotheses were that planarian Dugesia sp.shows response to gravity and that planarian Dugesia sp.shows response to light. The Chi-Square statistics for both tests were significant and therefore the null hypotheses, the planarian Dugesia [...]
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1313

The Design and Implementation of DC-DC Boost Converter

The project begins with a research into solar energy particularly the photovoltaic cell, its historical development, and the behavior and modular design and construction of the PV cell.it goes further to detail on alternative devices [...]
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 28
  • Words: 7637

Copernican Model of the Solar System

Copernicus was able to prove that the sun and not the earth was the center of the solar system but held unto the assumption of circular motion. Ptolemy' model assumed that, the earth and not [...]
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1383

Albert Einstein: His Life and Impact on Science

No study of physics is complete without a reference to Albert Einstein and his general theory of relativity that revolutionized the notions of space and time and the fresh understanding of gravity.
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 831

Strengths and Weaknesses of a Qualitative Study

To achieve this, the researchers have discussed in detail each of the studies used in the systematic review including the study design, population, and the nature of programs analyzed in each of the studies.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 577

Biomimetic Synthesis: Definition

The microenvironment and the relationship between the organic matrix and the precursors of mineral formations decide the kind of product obtained.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1313

Comparative Strategies of Durkheim and Weber

According to Ragin and Zaret, the corner-stone of Durkheim's theory is that social types, which existed in history and are now represented in reality, are more suitable for analysis than ideal models.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 575

“What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is” by Weick

The author then notes that based solely on the presence of these components it is impossible to determine whether a theory is developed enough or produced in a rash and incompetent manner.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 1
  • Words: 285

Four Roles of Field Observation

The role of the observer as a participant allows for interaction with the group. Participant as an observer is more of a member of the group than researcher so that other participants may act more [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 1
  • Words: 343

What is Life Expectancy?

The mortality rate during the years of life span determines the life expectancy. Life span differs from life expectancy in the fact that it represents the maximum years of life that an individual survives, while [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 736

Theory Definition, Building, and Conflict with Practice

The theory forms the interface of systematic investigation, including analysis of data and interpretation, and the cognitive ability of researchers. The problem with most theories is that many researchers find it a problem to make [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 962

Albert Einstein’s Contributions to Science

Some of his well-known contributions in science include the theory of relativity and the Quantum theory. In the year 1905, Einstein worked on the Theory of Relativity.
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 570

Origin of Metamorphic Rocks

Having introduced the reader to the origin of the rocks, the paper gives a further discussion on how these kinds of rocks are formed and the necessary conditions if the process of metamorphism has to [...]
  • Subjects: Geology
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 459

The Concept of Literary Criticism

Feminist literary criticism is focused on the analysis of texts from the feminist perspective. Feminist literary criticism is based on the feminist theory and broad politics of feminism.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 1054

Statistics: Definition, Types, Risks

For instance, if there is statistical research and data pertaining to the foods which aggravate diabetes, it has the potential of influencing a great many lives.
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1178

Isaac Newton and His Life

The process of science is very successful in all areas of Endeavour of human being because it is open and ideas are exchanged freely with a lot of knowledge that is available to everyone.
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 568

Physics: The Term Terminal Velocity

In physics, the term terminal velocity is that kind of velocity in which the force of drag of an object which is falling is equal to the weight of that object less the acting force [...]
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 819

Cyclic Voltammetry Basic Principles

Cyclic voltammetry is described by smooth increase of a working electrode potential from one potential limit to the other and back.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1045

Microwave Heater: Advantages and Disadvantages

This technology is mainly used in the processing of intermediate and high moisture foods when individual factors fail to hinder the growth of undesirable microorganisms.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 566

Cosmology and Astronomical Observation

Although the proton, neutron, electron, and possibly the neutrino are the most important of the elementary particles in the present universe, there are many others.
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1964

Mathematics and Business Relationship

When slack time exists between the end of one task and the start of another, the usual method is to draw a broken or dotted line between the end of the first task and the [...]
  • Subjects: Math
  • Pages: 14
  • Words: 2480

Paranormal Phenomenon: Is It Real?

Similarly, it would be presumptuous to maintain that all intelligence and wisdom is on the side of the skeptic; for he may be as liable to error as the next person.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1242

Planet Mercury and Its Exploration

I would like to learn more about a planet that is the closest to the sun, the history of its discovery as well as its peculiarities.
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 601

Exponentials and Logarithms: the Cell and DNA

The result will be; log to the base of 2 of 'x' equals 'y'.'y' usually refers to the power to which one raises '2' to get 'x' This can be simplified as follows; F =2x [...]
  • Subjects: Math
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 836

George Orwell: The Kolb Model

It is evident that the survival of the elephant depends on the decision that Orwell will make. The first stage of the Kolb Model is reflected where Orwell tries to describe his feelings after being [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 572

The Research Design and Methodology Section

From the given elements of the thesis proposal, research design/methodology and the theoretical framework/approach proved to be major challenges in completing the proposal.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 616

Custom Random Number Generator

The number is generated in a predictable manner and is pseudo random in nature. The generated random number is 3.
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1538

Measurements and Scaling Concepts

The scales are used to define the differences in students' performance."Before the measurement process can be initiated, the business research must identify the concept relevant to the problem.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 909

Narrative Inquiry as a Research Design

The main distinctive feature of a narrative interview is that it encourages the informant to share some crucial happenings of their life and the social context within which these events occurred.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1426

The Concept of Research Impact

It can be argued that research impact is any influence that the findings of a study have on the community. The second component can be measured by reviewing the work from a perspective of the [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 897

Alfred Nobel as an Explosives Inventor

This paper discusses Alfred Nobel's work with explosives for military and industrial use leading to his contribution to the world of the Nobel Peace Prize. As such, Nobel had to come up with a way [...]
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 9
  • Words: 2481

Self-Completion and Postal Questionnaires for Interview

In comparison to the structured interview where the presence of an interviewer is obvious, the self-completion questionnaire is characterized by certain pros and cons. As a rule, the self-completion questionnaire already contains an answer, and [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 1
  • Words: 336

External and Internal Validity in Research

Contrary to internal validity, which ensures the logic and reliability of the experiment's design, external validity aims to establish whether or not the study results can be used to make generalized conclusions.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 652

Big O Notation: Extended Definition

Big O Notation is helpful to explain the behavior of algorithms with reference to changes in the size of specific input data.
  • 5
  • Subjects: Math
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1107

The Concept of Science: Definition and Components

While it is possible to address the problem by applying a scientific approach, this is rarely done, mostly due to the unpopularity of the concept of science in the popular perception.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1422

Research Sampling: Analysis and Design

The cost estimation will be helpful to consider in establishing the size of the sample. To conclude, the research process is entirely dependent on sampling, analysis and design.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 603

Descriptive Statistics Importance

In addition, descriptive statistics would enable the analyst to evaluate the spread of the marks. While inferential statistics utilize samples from data, descriptive statistics tend to use the whole data.
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 567

“Mindless Statistics” by Gerd Gigerenzer

In order to support his argument, Gigerenzer discusses the 'null ritual' in detail, concentrates on Fisher's and Neyman-Pearson's ideas and associated misunderstandings, refers to the researchers' feeling of guilt, focuses on collective illusions, discusses the [...]
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 673

Blue Sky and White Clouds in Physics

The nature of the blue sky is a result of two things; the nature of light and the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1408

CubeSat Mission Process Flow

A CubeSat, a sort of miniaturized satellite, is a low-priced, institutionalized satellite with its inception in the CubeSat Project set up in the late 1990s by California Polytechnic State University and Stanford University. The CubeSat [...]
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 10
  • Words: 2865

Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Linear Regression

The example to apply is a case of a pharmacy with an owner interested in knowing the time taken in the pharmacy and money spent by every tenth client in minutes and dollars, respectively.
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 559

Rapid Critical Appraisal Process

While filling data in the evaluation table by taking each column at a time, it proved difficult to note the differences and similarities of the studies used easily.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 598

Central Tendency and Its Measures

The measures of central tendency differ in how much use they make of the data, especially of the extreme values, but they are all trying to explain something about where the center of distribution lies.
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 830

Quantitative and Qualitative Paradigms’ Characteristics

With the two research paradigms defined, the paper concentrates on establishing the difference in characteristics of the two models, based on philosophy, ontology, epistemology, and methodology. Ontology concentrates on the multiplicity of realities with the [...]
  • 1
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1101

Quantitative Research Methods’ Types

The Independent variable is manipulated to determine effects on the dependent variables, and this is on subjects that are randomly assigned to the treatments in the experiment, they are not identified in natural groups as [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1234

Variables Operationalization in the Research Process

According to the hypothesis and research questions, service satisfaction and the desire to quit service forms the dependent variables, while payment levels and tenure conditions form the independent variables.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 917

Epistemological Stance in Management Research

As a result, it appears that while the epistemological stance is significant for any researcher, for the strong constructionism, it is of particular importance, since, for this stance, the researcher is deeply engaged in the [...]
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 855

Correlation and Causation Differences

This will require quantitative data to determine the correlation between the two variables. A positive or negative association between the variables will suggest a causal relationship.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 347

Lunar Eclipse as an Astronomical Event

The lunar eclipse takes place during the full moon when the earth's shadow covers the moon's surface. The shadows formed on the moon by the earth vary in the intensity of darkness.
  • 5
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1356

The Religion Implications in the Modern Cosmology

Different religions in the world have disparate teachings about the origin of the universe. The aforementioned religions are all monotheistic, but they have different explanations regarding the existence and the origin of the universe.
  • 1
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 2031

Dwarf Planets Discoveries

Its creation became the result of lengthy arguments between the scientists in reference to the planets of our solar system and their classification and the features that define them.
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1515

Red Giant Star – Astronomy

This will occur only if the Sun does not occupy the Earth's orbit already as it will be huge, and although if the temperature of the Sun's surface does not increase, this effect will be [...]
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 554

Scientific Theories of Atoms and Their Structure

Bohr's Theory Although the aforementioned atomic theory by Rutherford was accurate in that it predicted the existence of a dense nucleus in the core of an atom, it still had a few shortcomings.
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1677

A Trip to the Center of the Earth

The center of the earth is very hot as a result of the materials that are found in it. The center of the earth is estimated to be at a temperature of 40000C.
  • Subjects: Geology
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 608

Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift

Although Wegener provided a lot of evidence-based on the discussion of continental fits and results of investigations in paleontology and paleoclimatology, the scientist failed to explain the mechanisms which made the blocks move, thus, only [...]
  • Subjects: Geology
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1107

An Artificial Satellite

It was created with the main purpose of capturing high-resolution images of the earth.'ADEOS 2' - was designed to monitor the biomass in the carbon cycle, earth's water cycle and the trends in climate variation.
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 551

NASA’s Lunar Surveyor Program

Surveyor 1, the first spacecraft in the program touched down on the lunar surface in the month of June 1966, the second was unsuccessful.
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 15
  • Words: 3948

Energy Storage Technologies

Overview Flywheel technology is able to store "energy by accelerating the rotor/flywheel to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as kinetic energy".
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 667

Discrete Probability Distribution

This is a perfect example of a discrete probability distribution where the variables are fixed. The following is an example of a probability distribution.
  • 5
  • Subjects: Math
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1111

Competitive Methodologies in Social and Political Research

For example, the construct of case studies contributes to the validity of its internal mechanisms through the use of a range of indicators for analyzing the theoretical intrigues of a research analysis.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 14
  • Words: 3927

Definition of a physical geology term: Sedimentary Rock

The nature of the fossil recorded in the sedimentary rocks gives a glimpse on surrounding where the sediments settled and the process and timeline of how the Earth developed and transformed over time.
  • Subjects: Geology
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1166

Can Hot Water Freeze Faster Than Cold Water?

Project Goals To analyzed the mechanisms fronted in the quest to finding the cause of Mpemba effect. A data on the actual lose in volume of water need to be tabulated for analysis.
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1365

Sculpturing of the earth’s surface

The aim of the article is to popularize the concept of flooding as an external force that acted in shaping the earth as much as glaciation.
  • Subjects: Geology
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 1973

Grand Canyon Geological Profile

Other forces that also contributed to the formation of the Grand Canyon are; volcanism, continental drift, some vibrations in the orbit of the earth and many others. This is what caused the layers of rocks [...]
  • Subjects: Geology
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 547

t-Test Discussion

Using the formula of the t-test, one obtains a positive value when the first mean is larger than the second and a negative t-test value when the second mean is larger than the first.
  • Subjects: Math
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 643

California Geological Profile

The type of rocks found in California are diverse because it is said that, the state experiences some of the most diverse geological forces; which have in turn created some of the most diverse mineral [...]
  • Subjects: Geology
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1454

History of Pluto Exploration

It means that there is more to this planet aside from its being the outermost planet in the solar system. It was not only the 2oth century that an astronomer was able to discover the [...]
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1432

History of Tectonic Formations of Texas

The gravitational and conventional forces beneath the surface of the Earth forced the crustal layer of the Earth to divide and drift apart forming the presently existing continents.
  • Subjects: Geology
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 811

OHM’s Law and Circuits

Voltage drop across a resistor in a simple series circuit is usually equal to the voltage supplied into the circuit from the source.
  • Subjects: Physics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 585

Supernova Stars

When the white dwarf starts accumulating in mass as a result of binary companion, the core of the white dwarf reaches the temperature that is just enough to facilitate carbon fusion.
  • 5
  • Subjects: Astronomy
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 2005

Kyanite: Mineral Analysis

In spite of the fact that Kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite are polymorphs, their environments of formation are different. Kyanite and its polymorphs can be represented in the phase diagram below to demonstrate how pressure and [...]
  • Subjects: Geology
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1068

Scientific Method in Fire Investigations

The fire investigator arrives at the scene and documents evidence that can be relevant to the case. The hypothesis is an idea of the source of the fire and its nature.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 645

Descriptive Statistics in Healthcare

In addition, I would use the scatterplot to display a relationship between two variables such as age, and the occurrence of a particular ailment.
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 601

Discussion: Measures of Central Tendency

Hays states that if the number of data observations is even, the median is generally considered to be the average of the two middle values.
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 867

The Scientific Method in Action

It will be important to keep in mind what the independent, dependent and controlled variables are in this experiment. Be able to determine the dependent and independent variables in outlining a lab procedure.
  • Subjects: Scientific Method
  • Pages: 8
  • Words: 2111

Lovell & Kluger on What Went Wrong in “Apollo 13”

If you adhere to a superstitious opinion regarding the team's flight to the Moon, it is also worth noting that the wife of the leader of the astronauts has a dream about the death of [...]
  • Subjects: Space Studies
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 850

Statistics: The Assumption of Pearson’s Correlation Analysis

This paper focuses on the analysis of correlations between four variables, including the number of correct answers in Quiz 1, grade point average, total number of points earned in class, and number of correct answers [...]
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1253

Mathematical Explorations: Quantitative Reasoning

Given the problem at hand has a theoretical backup, we intend to use the data provided in Table 1, copied to Spreadsheet, to establish the relationship between education expenditure per student and graduation rates in [...]
  • Subjects: Math
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 569

Leonardo da Vinci: The Outstanding Inventor

A razor-sharp mind can be a nation's best defense mechanism, which is why it is no coincidence that Da Vinci worked in the military field to find ways to increase the chances of success in [...]
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 595

Introduction to Health Statistics

The mean is computed by adding all the numbers and dividing the sum by the total number of numbers in this specific data set, which is 5[/5]. 6 The sum of the squares of the [...]
  • Subjects: Statistics
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 577