A scholar perceives the natural world in a way that is free of past influence. He states that self-reliance is a concept that applied to the American scholar who must exercise a great deal of [...]
Finally, Emerson speaks about the importance of action for the scholar as a thinking man and explores the duties of such a man.
Spinoza believed that since everything in the universe is in existence due to the power of God, it is unlikely to find something that is lacking anything.
Heidegger concludes that authenticity is temporary as opposed to inauthenticity because we are born with the former and achieves the later after some time Nietzsche on his view argues that authenticity is the elementary mode [...]
Schnell and Steger, Frazier, Oishi and Kaler observed that one critical aspect of the well-being of people in the society, which comes out in the humanistic theories that are utilized in counselling psychology, is people's [...]
The Athenian's contribution to the 'would be' laws of the new city is impressive to the Spartan and the Cretan and they therefore recommend him to be part of the team founding the new city [...]
Besides, the treatise explores the orientations of the Daoist tradition and the concepts of sages, deities, hell and heaven, and Confucian discourse.
If it were the laws of the cities, then what would be the perception of the dwellers of the cities towards Socrates?
The state of being is crucially determined by the principle of fundamentalism, which in turn leads to the essence of an object."The attributes, singly or collectively that make an object of a substance what it [...]
Locke therefore argues that the real essence is reliant on the nominal essence as it is from the nominal essence that the qualities that define the particular object are derived.
Many of the fundamental initiatives, which animated the human rights movement, emerged in the after effects of the World War II and the mayhem of the Holocaust, leading to the legitimation of the Universal Declaration [...]
The fact that philosophers and scientists try to find the adequate answers to these questions during long periods of time supports the idea that the problem of demarcation is important to be solved to prevent [...]
It is therefore important to point out the circumstances that led to the creation of the U.S.political system that incorporated the principles of utilitarianism and libertarianism.
This is because, given the fact that Utilitarian theory's foremost theoretical premise is being concerned with the notion of amaximization of benefits' 1, it will only be logical, on my part, to assume that the [...]
The achievements demonstrated by Marx and Freud play a significant role in the field of sociology and philosophy indeed; Marx believed in the power of labor and recognized the individual as an integral part of [...]
From the above discussion, it is notable that Plato connects the idea of "justice" to the "Form of Good". Such kings will apply practical theories and ideas in order to address the needs of the [...]
Consequently, after posing his concern of suicide and life value, he notes that the voluntary death process indicates acknowledgement of the importance of suffering, and the lack of a weighty reason for living.
In particular, he writes that virtue is "a state that decides, consisting in a mean, relative to us, which is defined by reference to a reason, that is to say, to the reason by reference [...]
My reply to the objection above is that the results may be determined by reason. The outcome is highly, if not, parallel to reason.
Examples of these natural rights include the right to own property, the right to personal autonomy and the right to use unused resources. The government has the obligation of ensuring that all the rights of [...]
In particular, he emphasized on the importance of human experiences in the comprehension of cause and effect. Hence, the theory of cause and effect highlights that the tendency to associate events is the foundation of [...]
It is vital to consider several points of view in establishing the relationship between the traits of human and nonhuman animals.
Precisely, its ideas on freedom of speech and expression, fair treatment and equality before the law and its humanistic aspects have laid a basis for the propagation and protection of human rights in the world [...]
In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, there is much darkness in the cave and only very little light can be found in this place and it is so hard for a person who is in [...]
There are natural rights such as the right to live and freedom if one adheres to the law of the land.
One of the central ideas of the book is that the Tao is the Nature, the essence of everything in the world which cannot be either experienced or seen, it just exists, that is all.
Contrary to the expectations of the Chinese people, this situation disenfranchised Confucius up to the point of leaving his government post.
According to Holinger, a world class citizen relates well with other groups, and all human beings: Cosmopolitan is about justice, which should be evident in all aspects and it must be the one governing the [...]
That is necessary to say that Darwin tried to show the role of Nature and the role of man in our world.
And as lying is a form of communication, and people know this fact, the only way out in order not to be defrauded is stop communicating.
As the sense of independent and development sunk in peoples mind, the aspect of communism disintegrated and in its place individualism and the sense of "I" was adopted that is embraced world-wide.
Experiences, the level of information, the uniqueness of the situation and urgency of the matter are some of the factors that influence decision making.
It is based on two principles: the first one says that one cannot be sure in his/her knowledge and there is not certain human knowledge; the second principle claims that all we know can only [...]
Apart from the liberation theology, which resulted in a political uprising in the country forcing him to left the country, the other works of Freire include 'The Pedagogy of the Oppressed' and 'Education as the [...]
According to the Treatise of Human Nature, Hume asserts that each belief that is subject to justification should be either a matter of fact or relation of ideas.
In the end, the amount of goods and services that a person could get is limited. The laws and mutual help that exist in a civilized society show that people respect and value equality and [...]
The perceptions that influence the validity of the direct realism theory have a great impact on understanding the reality. Through the information that is relayed from the material object to the mind through sensory nerves, [...]
The argument stipulates that the world is a place filled with such novel interlocking intricacy to the extent that the sole rational justification centers on the existence of an intelligent designer.
The thing is that there are societies in which the individual freedom of a person is practically non-existent, for instance, one can mention North Korea.
God exists as it is the beginning of everything, as God is necessary just for the personal existence and this is the beginning of other issues which may be possibly exist or not as well [...]
Regarding the Ship of Theseus, the ship changed a lot but it remained the same in terms of its properties. Equally, Y could be said to be the same as Z in terms of properties.
Socrates advocated the idea that justice was good, and that meant that injustice was equal to evil. The point he makes here is that justice is the cure for evil, and that a man who [...]
For a person to be seen as just, he or she ought to be a good person and the crucial question here is to know what good is.
Occasionally, the carriers of the objects speak to one another, but their voices reach the prisoners in form of echoes from the wall ahead of them.
Therefore, in his experience, Descartes believed that confusion or absolute lack of knowledge is necessary to spearhead the search for truth about objects within the context of the world.
Rawls asserts that for equality to take place, the activities have to better lives of people who are worse off in terms of improvement of living standards and empowerment of disadvantaged members to levels which [...]
Christians believe in the existence of a God who is considered to have willed the existence of all that there is.
One of the thoughts that Camus laid down for his argument is the idea that once the abstract nature of the world is revealed to an individual, a person develops attitudes that are connected to [...]
By examination of Tyler Durden in the "Fight club" and Clint Eastwood in "The good the bad and the ugly," it can be noted that the heroes and anti-heroes are depicted in a similar yet [...]
Furthermore, due to the different laws and cultures in our world, it would be seemingly impossible to uphold such a rule According to Pojman, "the idea of rewarding the good and punishing the bad is [...]
On the other hand, religion has maintained that the soul is immortal and survives the death of the body. Plato argued that the soul is immortal and therefore survives the death of the body.
Born in 1706 in Paris, Gabrielle-Emilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil was the product of the second marriage of Louis Nicolas le Tonnelier de Breteuil, a protocol officer in the court of the Sun King; Louis [...]
The first clause calls for distribution economic and social disparities in a way that, "they are to be of the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society".
The reason of why Kant's ideas are preferable to me is that the categorical imperative allows to define what actions are obligatory and which ones should be forbidden and to choose the way that is [...]
The criterion includes a method of observation, the creation of a hypothesis, the undertaking of experiments, and the formulation of law follows.
In general, the Descartes' philosophy is linked to the church's connotation of the most significant part of an individual's body, which is acknowledged as existent, even after the end of physical life.
He describes how the plague led to a shift in the way society was organized, with new forms of social control and surveillance emerging as a response to the crisis.
In it, Neo greets his new teacher, and Morpheus explains the existence of the ubiquitous Matrix and enslavement to the man.
As a result, a tragedy's focus should be on the heroic deeds of its protagonists and the various factors that contribute to the tragic ending.
Plato was a Greek philosopher who established the Platonist school and founded the Academy in Athens, the first Western institution of higher learning.
The Age of Enlightenment became a natural result of the development of human thought as a result of the progress of science and society.
The first of them is rigid determinism the statement that determinism is true and there is no free will. The principle of free will has consequences in religion, ethics and science.
The ideas articulated in the works by Thoreau and the basic principles of Transcendentalism are consistent with the social, political, cultural, and economic changes that happened in the United States in the middle of the [...]
The Principle of Sufficient Reason or PSR is one of the promises and, at the same time, a controversial topic within the framework of philosophical teaching.
First, John Locke tries to disprove the view of the French philosopher Rene Descartes that there are some ideas present in the mind of a newborn baby. The essay applies Locke's theory of ideas to [...]
Although their theories of justice were significant, they would not have existed without Plato's influence and the contribution that their ideas of justice have made to political philosophy.
Analytic philosophy is essential and more apt to critical contributions to culture and society because of its pragmatic approach that relies on logic, which is more objective than the continental approach, which is more subjective.
Foucault's Discipline and Punish and Gilles Deleuze's "Postscript on the Society of Control" discuss the nature of power in society. On the other hand, Deleuze's reading is more optimistic because he discusses how the society [...]
Immanuel Kant's essay "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" contains the thoughts of a philosopher about the distinguishing features of a person of the Enlightenment era.
His philosophy is based on the belief in God and his ancient understanding of the universes construction. Saint Augustine is one of the most prominent Christian thinkers.
The philosopher argues that the accomplishment of the goal of solving the cases of stress must be based on an individual's pleasure and actions that promote happiness. For instance, Bentham argues that the chain of [...]
The open question argument is an attempt of George Moore, an English philosopher, to prove that natural properties cannot be reduced to moral ones.
Thus, it was shown that logic is not just a specific doctrine of specific things or terms, but the science of the laws of syllogisms, such as modus ponens or modus tollens, expressed in variables. [...]
Therefore, act utilitarianism is better than virtue ethics since it is clear, concise, and focuses on the majority. Virtue ethics' strengths can be utilized to enhance the act-utilitarianism theory.
While ethical egoism focuses on self-interest and disregarding the interests of others, psychological egoism is centered around actions or behavior that can bring benefits.
Thus, the "thinking and acting self" represents the freedom of the members of the community to take action with respect to the principles of voluntarism and the authority, serving as "the source of obligation".
In his philosophical dialogues, the thinker divides the divine, unchangeable world of forms and the world of material, physical objects that was constantly changing and existed only as a shadow of the ideas.
Consequently, the subject matter, which is the suitability of Dilthey's modes of apprehension to revealing the common ideas of groups of citizens from the perspective of hermeneutics, can be understood by discussing others' views.
Robert Nozick is one of the renowned libertarian thinkers of the twentieth century who proposed a variety of ideas and concepts related to the topics of individual freedom and rights.
It would not be an exaggeration to state that Plato's allegory of the cave only makes perfect sense if one views it in the light of the theory of forms.
It is in the balance, according to Aristotle, that the completeness of the human personality lies, and only through balance can a person find true self-satisfaction.
This is some kind of a problem that means that the passion, enthusiasm, and even unpredictability of both Greek tragedies and the art and life of the nineteenth century were and are being repressed.
This is considered as the way a particular feeling or notion is portrayed The recommendation of action to another person is not an ethical thing to be performed in that this has to totally embrace [...]
Lies are therefore said to be harmful to other people depending on the effect they have in the society. This should be done in the public forums like the court proceedings though to some extent [...]
This power can be presented as the compressive force of the university contributing to the return of all pleats of the matter to the surrounded area.
It was connected to the attempts of the philosopher to find a way out of the political and cultural crisis in Europe.
This is due to the compatibility that exists between freedom and the determination of one's actions. The advantage is that this may prevent a person from contemplating suicide.
Comparing the general statement of Das Kapital and Principles of Political Economy it becomes evident that Marx and Mill have different views as to the accumulation of capital and thus regarding the social organization to [...]
Importantly, Augustine on the free choice of the will indicated that the mind cannot be forced to be a slave to lust.
Basing on this statement, therefore, empirialists have to carry out a rigorous test to determine the relationship between the decisions that individuals make, and the prior knowledge affecting the decisions making.
However, what perhaps relates to the issue at hand is when, in the Book of Genesis, God created enmity between the woman's offspring and that of the serpent.
The ways of the modern world have deemed that virtue is to be rewarded and vice is to be punished. The standard of merit and how to apply it in a situation appears to be [...]
The question is that life is realized by people through the principle of cut and try. It is better to say here that it is a warning for those contradicting nature and physical reality of [...]
Smith, a pioneer of political economy, would be interested in analyzing the current economic situation in the country and, perhaps, even suggest ways for the country to overcome the economic crisis.
Aristotle considers human beings to possess the understanding of these differences and apply them in their writings as well as conversations.
From their arguments, it is evident that natural law is directly related to the concept of justice and that they are the foundations to good governance.
He notes that the fundamental part of an association is the household that is comprised of three different kinds of relationships: master to slave, husband to wife, and parents to their children.
It is essentially described by the existence of pleasure and in living an aesthetic life to the maximum one has to aim at maximizing the given pleasures.
As far as Emile Durkheim is concerned, we should that the overarching argument of his work comes down to the following: he suggests that the constant process of labor division or specialization as it is [...]
One of the founders of Greek ancient thought was Plato whose works became the handbooks of many modern philosophers and scientists.
The part of Leviathan entitled "Of a Christian Commonwealth" addresses such religious controversies of the 16th-17th- century United Kingdom as state and church relationships and establishment of Church of England's position towards continental Protestants and [...]
The growth of the movement towards the formation of states is, however, a gradual one; it is continuous, from the sixteenth century to our day, and while, throughout this period, and in almost every country [...]
A lot of skepticism way-lays most of the claims presented in the discipline of knowledge, as well as the means employed to produce the same.
The Socratic Method is a philosophical mode of questioning that involves the investigation of connotations of other situations that are related to the topic of inquiry itself.
The author makes an assumption that the net result of economic habits is to fund the armed forces of the country because people lend savings to the government.
According to consciousness, the flow of information goes from the mental aspect to the physical aspect, which means that consciousness rise due to the interaction of the physical as well as the mental and cognitive [...]
Following Descartes, the essence of the mind is thought, the essence of the body is the extension. The boundary between the mind and the body is grounded in the distinction between the intelligent and the [...]
It is very clear that John Locke's theory about material things understanding and perceiving them is an attempt to contribute to the advancement of epistemology. Locke was mistaken in assuming that there is nothing certain [...]
In personal ethical egoists, the belief is that one should pursue his or her own interest without telling other people what they are ought to do.
As for the wages and labor section of The Wealth of Nations, it appears that Smith regards workers as a homogenous human capital with transferable and, hence, subject to substitution.
Both virtue and vice build one's character and therefore can contribute to the view of happiness. Therefore, character education leads to happiness that is equal to the amount of wisdom and virtue.
The goal of Aristotle is knowledge in action and real knowing, which merge in the higher stratum of existence - the active mind.
The aim of this paper is to contribute to the discussion by attempting to give an insight into what constitutes moral and immoral behavior as well as the relationship that exists between morality and religion.
The article entitled "The house, from cellar to garret, the significance of the hut" tries to represent the meaning of a house from a phenomenological perspective.
Determinism takes the position that everything which happens is supposed to happen only in that way and not in any other because everything is planned before and ours is just to follow the programming of [...]
As a result, the way people understand and perceive reality is also a part of the process of reality formation. Thus, Descartes premises on the idea that thinking is the evidence of existence.
In a society where they have a political system that favors political liberalism, it is not just a matter of obeying rules since the enactment of the political system is similar to the moral values [...]
Thus, referring to the cases provided in the paper written by Gettier, it is important to state that in spite of the fact that it is possible to speak about the justified true belief as [...]
According to hedonists, the major aim of a human's life is being happy and the best way to become happy is to have lots of pleasures.
According to it, the individuals should act in such a way that the maxim of their action could be related to the universal law of morality.