The philosopher argues that the accomplishment of the goal of solving the cases of stress must be based on an individual's pleasure and actions that promote happiness. For instance, Bentham argues that the chain of [...]
The story of Malala has shown that freedom is crucial for personal happiness and the ability to live a good life.
Utilitarianism emerged as a systematic theory at the end of the eighteenth century with the philosophical works of Jeremy Bentham, who created the "greatest happiness of the greatest number" formulation of the principle of utilitarianism.
The examples of the flexibility given will demonstrate the inappropriateness nature of the examples in the role of being an effective ruler.
For harmony to prevail, human beings have to live in accordance to the two kinds of order; that is nature and convention.
Two attitudes toward money involve negative perception of money as universal evil and positive perception of money as source of good life and prosperity.
This is exactly the intention of Berkeley here; he intends to argue that an object of perception will not be the state of the human mind but an item of the universe.
A Coherence Theory of justification is one that supports two central ideas that distinguish it from foundationalism: There are basic beliefs that serve as the basis for other beliefs, and
One of the first important considerations he gives to his assessment of why humans engage in art is the constant oppositions he finds in nature the male/female opposition being the strongest of these as they [...]
The authority of nature God was replaced by religious logic and ruled till Descartes developed a amechanistic view of knowledge' and the paradigm in the present world of information technology is that "the universe and [...]
The varying views about verification fall into two broad categories; one which is the verification theory of meaning as it claims to specify the nature of meaning and the other one seeks to provide standard [...]
For an action to be considered virtuous, it must originate from an individual and be in the self-interest of whoever is claiming to be virtuous.
Stuart Mill's utilitarianism and Emmanuel Kant's deontology, to answer the question is it acceptable to lie to my friend to spare her feelings if the lie would not cause great harm?
According to consciousness, the flow of information goes from the mental aspect to the physical aspect, which means that consciousness rise due to the interaction of the physical as well as the mental and cognitive [...]
The key idea behind this notion is that "everything that's happening now and that will happen in the future was already guaranteed to happen by things that happened in the distant past".
For a government to be effective, there must be a set of morals and virtues in place to ensure the people are happy.
According to it, the individuals should act in such a way that the maxim of their action could be related to the universal law of morality.
After that, it is argued that although Kant's philosophy is "better" in some respects, Mill's moral theory is preferable due to being practically applicable.
Others argue that for some reason, the gender of the child that was delivered is not the one the parents wanted so they get rid of the baby.
In order to develop a sufficient understanding of what this proposition means, it is necessary to recognize the specifics of the philosopher's approach to philosophy and how it relates to practical life.
The main idea of the work is that the author firmly opposes physicalism. The general argument Jackson adheres to is that physicalism blunders in terms of denying the existence of the subjective experience.
I will also aim to explore the validity of a suggestion that, while pointing out that no one is wiser than Socrates, the Oracle of Delphi meant to say that people are being just as [...]
According to Machiavelli, it is the duty of the prince to protect his realm and to further enhance his sovereignty. He asserts that a prince should not be generous when spending the State's wealth as [...]
A scholar perceives the natural world in a way that is free of past influence. He states that self-reliance is a concept that applied to the American scholar who must exercise a great deal of [...]
Finally, Emerson speaks about the importance of action for the scholar as a thinking man and explores the duties of such a man.
He claimed that his wisdom was greater than that of other humans which means that the judges and the accusers did not possess any of it for he believed that they were invented people who [...]
For this reason, all men in the society are required to assist the authorities in the administration of the state. To a Confucian, the state is the guardian of every individual, and should be protected.
Berkeley supports the view of the matrix hypothesis that human beings are in a matrix and disputes the view that the matrix hypothesis is skeptical using the idealism of reality.
John Stuart Mill is definitely one of the famous philosophers of the modern era. In the work, Mill examines the question of liberty and the power of the society.
Religious leaders also pray for the body and the soul of the dead but lay a lot of emphasis on the soul.
In this defense Feldman uses another source of intrinsic value that shows that the deceived businessman lives a life of less value and this other source of intrinsic value is truth.
Finally the paper examines on how the distinctions by the two periods agrees with the Kuhn's views i.e.to see if there is a correlation between the Kuhn's distinction of both the pre science and normal [...]
Therefore, it is paramount for us to be informed about the way other people perceive us if their perceptions about us are negative.
Therefore, with reference to his definition of the sovereign and the general will, Rousseau was of the opinion that citizens had the obligation to attend the assemblies organized in order to deliberate upon their current [...]
The argument stipulates that the world is a place filled with such novel interlocking intricacy to the extent that the sole rational justification centers on the existence of an intelligent designer.
God exists as it is the beginning of everything, as God is necessary just for the personal existence and this is the beginning of other issues which may be possibly exist or not as well [...]
His appeal is on behalf of not just the unsuccessful and downtrodden but of the criminal and degraded classes and a condemnation of what passes for 'justice', divine and human.
Post structuralism in teaching can be regarded as critical in the modern world since it is diversified and ideas are used in respect to the way they are expressed or brought to existence.
In Foucault's views however the full lighting used in panoptic institutions was a "visibility trap" that is replicated in the larger society in order to enforce discipline.
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the consequences and key concepts involved in the development of the mind-body philosophy and offer personal suggestions or opinions over the issue of relationship between the [...]
The weakness of this doctrine is that the happiness of the people is in the hands of the ruling class, which tends to default and exploit ordinary people.
Cartesian developed the Cartesian Dualistic Theory of Pain to explain the relationship between physical and psychological types of pain. Therefore, Descartes developed the Cartesian Theory of pain to explore pain in the context of mind [...]
Personally, I like the literal reading of this question, according to which there was an egg first, and only then a chicken.
At the same time, it could be argued that Sartre is overstating the extent to which people can define themselves when saying that 'existence precedes essence.' While he is correct in asserting that individuals are [...]
The foundation of the valid argument is represented by logic conditioning, which ensures the connectivity of the premises and conclusion. Nevertheless, it is possible to begin with the conclusion to test the premises and draw [...]
Plato establishes what education is worth for both the individual and the state in The Republic, emphasizing the crucial function of those who select the materials to educate the state's future guardians.
In its contemporary version, dualism is discussed in terms of mind and body or brain the essence of the soul is that it is a thinking substance the mind and the body is a complex [...]
The rise of racist and sexist tendencies due to the lack of affirmative action is doubtful because it is not the only element in the fight against racial and sexual prejudice. However, West is of [...]
In this discussion, the objective is to describe the two outstanding concepts that make up the title of the speech: Existentialism and Humanism.
So, it is morally permissible to throw the switch because the death of one person is less of a loss than the death of five.
William James starts his article "Pragmatism's Conception of Truth" focusing on the idea of truth and what makes it work. Rationalism and pragmatism contrast each other: while pragmatism seeks to understand how an idea applies [...]
However, such an understanding can be questioned due to the invention of life support devices and the development of the death of the brain concept.
One of the main reasons why legal positivists support the separation of law and ethics is the absence of the universal ethical standards that are applied across countries, cultures, or communities.
The Philosophy of the Unconscious is the most important encyclopedic work of Eduard von Hartmann, in which the phenomenon of the unconscious is subjected to careful analysis not only from a biological and psychological, but [...]
The arguments in the first lecture relate to the explanation of the liberal hegemony and how it leads to failure, concluding that it contradicts the country's values.
The philosopher believes that the Narrative criterion with self-consciousness, memory, and "a recognition of the importance of being intelligible to myself" is the part, which makes a person who he is.
The Platonic dialogue in The Symposium epitomizes the progression that Diotima describes as pursuance of beauty in highly refined and generalized forms and each speech in the symposium takes the reader closer to the comprehension [...]
In the work The Scientific Life, Shapin writes: "The scientist was properly to be understood not on the model of the philosopher but on the model of the engineer and technician".
In the closing part of the article, the researcher concludes that absent of self-defense should be compensated by the introduction of the legal conventions justifying killing in war.
Perhaps one of the first events which marked the beginning of this change was the publishing of the Kinsey Reports in 1948 and 1953.
Also, his philosophy conveys the importance and the beauty of the life of faith in the midst of a discouraging world.
Determinism is a theory which states that the course of the future is determined by a combination of past events and the laws of nature, creating a unique outcome.
In philosophy, egoism is the theory that one is self is or should be; the motivation of one's action. This divergence can be explained further using the following features of the concept of ethical egoism: [...]
Basically, the political obligation can be considered as the duty of the members of the population and the people of the nation to abide by the laws and the provisions of the constitution.
The allegory is preceded by the analogy of the divided line and metaphor of the son. Descartes is considered to be one of the greatest rationalists.
A hero is one who chooses to go against the status quo even when, by doing so, he risks the wrath of the authorities or the powerful.
To understand the connection established by Aristotle between a good life and a rational one, it is first necessary to discuss the concept of good used in the Nicomachean Ethics.
Hume proposes two main concepts in this book: the concept of impressions and the concept of ideas. Surprisingly, this concept of cause and effect closely resembles the modern scientific ideas of cause and effect.
Rene Descartes, a French philosopher and the founder of the mathematical rationalism, was one of the prominent figures in the field of philosophy of the 17th century.
It is in the form of a dialogue. Arjuna is the prince of Pandava.
The neo-Kantian theories seem to present a view that is founded on pessimism in the contemporary world that is marked by the politics of dominance.
In summary, Descartes implies that since we do have an idea of a being that is all powerful and perfect, and since we can distinctly and clearly assign the attribute of necessarily existence to this [...]
Harry Frankfurt made major contributions to the philosophy of action through the idea of guidance and objection to compatibilists' proposal about the incongruity of causal determinism and ethical accountability.
The inherent problem I have with Rorty in this article is the fact that the concept of a socially defined truth clashes with the changing nature of society and the potential for people to agree [...]
Confucius taught that the role of the elders is to teach the youth and the role of the youth is to learn from the elders.
Regardless of the extent to which some people are opposed to the applications of moral principles, which should be consistent with the scriptures of God, they are used to produce the best results in communities.
Overall, it is possible to argue that the philosophy of ancient Greece is mostly associated with the names of such prominent thinkers as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Hume's argument gets interesting when he postulates that regardless of the number of times we witness a succession of events, we cannot predict the succession of events.
Thus, Frankl claimed, "there are two races of men in this world, but only these two the "race" of the decent man and the "race" of the indecent man".
Thus, the time travel can lead to the intolerable and even threatening consequences because of influencing the principle of the cause and effect in relation to the past and future, and as a result, the [...]
To establish the reason for the many scientific researches on the origin of the universe, it is prudent to explain the theory all works of science seem to tear apart, The Creationism Theory.
In addition, the article reveals that the concepts of 'the right to be sure that' and 'has adequate evidence for' only work if the element of 'justified true belief' is not introduced in an analysis.
The simple version of the theory is that a predicate is true because of the existence of the subject. Therefore once predicate and subject are linked, the statement becomes true without any attempt to rationalize [...]
They believed that the best way to ease the pain they felt as a result of the loss was to revenge the death of the Germans.
This essay aims to analyze Happiness, what makes happiness special to people, the meaning of it and the essence of it. The second happiness is a general consensus about the goodness of your life at [...]
In this case, the happiness of the customers and that of John count the same. On the other hand, the stockholders who own the company are in pursuit of profits and anything that acts contrary [...]
In philosophical terms, the concept of matter advances the fact that all things are made up of matter and all thoughts are created as a result of the interaction of matter.
The test for universal acceptance involve: determining the agent's maxim; imagining that everyone in the same position as the real-world agent observed that maxim; deciding if there is any contradictions generated from the maxim; if [...]
One of the tasks of moral philosophy is to discover the binding principles of behaviour among humans. Therefore, moral judgement is merely a formation of the mind and is susceptible to sentiments.
The main concern of Foucault consists in the way technology has influenced quest for power among the ruling class in the society, and also the reason as to why the society is violating the rules [...]
A decision to do the right thing in the society, for example, is determined by the moral standards that have been set by the society.
In spite of the infinite reproaches, debates and libels made against his observation, Galilei Galileo disapproved the endured concept that the earth was the epicenter of the world. The untiring doubt might give rise to [...]
The major difference between good morality and bad morality according to Nietzsche is that good morality is connected to nobility and bad morals are linked to the common man and simplicity.
Therefore, in his experience, Descartes believed that confusion or absolute lack of knowledge is necessary to spearhead the search for truth about objects within the context of the world.
As far as the body and the soul interacted, Plato also commented on the things that the soul could be influenced by the work or the actions of the body.
His experience as a physician and the philosophical knowledge he had, formed a perfect combination of knowledge, which gave him the ability to explain human nature.
The first clause calls for distribution economic and social disparities in a way that, "they are to be of the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society".
The three attributes of God lead to the problem of the logic of evil. The cosmological argument for the existence of God explains that everything has a cause for its existence.
According to the Divine Command Theory, a character is ultimately based on the instructions or nature of God, and the course of behavior that God demands, or commands is morally right.
Kant explains genius as the ability that is bestowed upon producers or artists of fine art whereby the origin of the idea of creating the work cannot be explained such as a scientist's discovery path.
Philosopher Francis Bacon is seen as the founder of modern philosophy, and one can see the shift from the pre-modern to the modern world in his ideas.
The central message permeating the writing is that the rigidity of truth on which the conceptual model of democracy is built is a problem since any system needs to acknowledge the malleability of the underlying [...]
In deontology, the outcomes and consequences may not justify the means to achieve a goal, while in consequentialism, the results determine the means, and significant benefit is expected for the greatest possible number of people.
As a result, I believe that the mentioned philosopher is trying to convey various ideas and notions that highlight the complexity of human existence.
The current paper will define the issue of human cloning through the prism of Kantian ethics and support the idea of reproductive cloning being a contravention of human dignity and fundamental biological principles.
Interest in the teachings of Aristotle contributed to the unification of many philosophers, which happened in the case of Thomas Aquinas. The main achievement of Thomas is that he is considered the founder of the [...]
He claims that the government's power is based more on the influence that the majority possesses rather than on the desire to act legitimately and fairly, which makes it overall unreliable as a source of [...]
Followers of utilitarianism thus claim that an action is morally right when it increases the happiness of the involved parties and minimizes the harm.
The Confucian gentleman is the one who lives by the highest moral standards and aims to help others achieve the realization of this goal.
Therefore, act utilitarianism is better than virtue ethics since it is clear, concise, and focuses on the majority. Virtue ethics' strengths can be utilized to enhance the act-utilitarianism theory.
The current study refutes materialism and supports Price's notion that there is an embodied and disembodied idea to the existence, a dream analogy of life after death, and a communal idea of the afterlife.
Death is a way to escape suffering and people who compromised principles and caused harm to others do not deserve an easy release from the pangs of conscience.
The first one constitutes a belief that there is no free will in nature and that all of the actions are already predetermined.
Socrates taught that a life that is governed by the rules and dictations of others, oblivious of the need for self-examination and evaluation is not worth living.
This situation shows that the concept of democracy and the freedom that correlates with it refers to a flawed narrative that liberty is the same as equality.
It is in the balance, according to Aristotle, that the completeness of the human personality lies, and only through balance can a person find true self-satisfaction.
The freedom will skew any system or pattern of perfect equality as demonstrated by his basketball player example, resulting in the need to formulate new patterns of distribution.
In this regard, it is important to separate human perceptions from reality, hence at all times endeavor to ascertain the reality of things and occurrences.
Various social scientists and religious scholars have given different interpretations for the emergence of the universe and the forms of life in it.
Overall, there are similarities and differences in the gods' portrayal in Ovid's and Sophocles' works. In both texts, the deities are respected and revered by mortal people.