Philosophy Essay Examples and Topics. Page 13

2,097 samples

Maurice Merleau-Ponty: How to Know Reality?

The arrangements that were exposed by the means of the exploration in solid-state physical science or molecular environmental science have to be contained within the possibility of his analysis on the same level as the [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1039

Happiness in “Nicomachean Ethics” by Aristotle

The philosopher compares the life of gratification to that of slaves; the people who prefer this type of happiness are "vulgar," live the same life as "grazing animals," and only think about pleasure.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 353

Nature of Emotions in “Ethics” by Spinoza

A common feature for all emotions is that they are related to the mind "insofar as it is active" and, at the same time, they are associated with "pleasure and desire".
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 301

Prejudices in “Ethics” by Spinoza

The argument against this prejudice is that people are ignorant and do not realize that there are certain reasons for their desires.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 277

Meditation Two: Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind

Why does he argue that the "I" is a thinking thing, and what counts for him as "thinking"? Therefore, the philosopher's understanding of a "thinking thing" is related to such processes as analysis, meditation, and [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 622

Descartes’ and Socrates’ Doubt and Quest for Truth

However, doubting everything as proposed by Descartes is wrong because it may make us discard almost all of our knowledge.....in preparing the easiest way for us to withdraw the mind from the senses Descartes questions [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 888

Robert Nozick’s Conditions for Knowledge

The problem of Gettier is that such factors as the existence of a particular belief, as well as the truth of the proposition, do not reach universality and concreteness as it encounters counterexamples demonstrating the [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1115

Perdurance Versus Endurance: Theories Comparison

For instance, the supporters of the hypothesis often tend to the ideas of the theory of relativity, where they consider time as the unit of measurement that does not have constant indicators.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 1
  • Words: 294

Idealist Philosophy After World War I

Although I disagree with the philosophy of idealism, it is a fact that it managed to create a better world following the events of World War I.
  • 5
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 1
  • Words: 473

Greek Legacy in a Contemporary Democratic State

This may be one of the reasons that the application of ethics bestowed upon citizens in Ancient Greece led to its success, and to be referred to as one of the best democracies of its [...]
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1138

Descartes’ Philosophy: Thinking Proves Existence

To support his claims, the intellectual compares the qualities of mind and body and deduces that they cannot be the same thing since the body is divisible and mind is whole.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 853

The Existence of Freedom

This paper assumes that it is the cognizance of the presence of choices for our actions that validates the existence of free will since, even if some extenuating circumstances and influences can impact what choice [...]
  • Subjects: Freedom Philosophy
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 832

Philosophy. Existence of God: Moral Arguments

However, the natural universe is characterized by gigantic, complex, and fascinating features compared to those of the artificial world. This means that there is no conclusion to a single creator of the universe.
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Religion
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1124

What Is Social Justice?

To my mind, the two most important principles of justice that should be used to govern within a just society are the selection of highly virtuous state leaders and government representatives to put in charge [...]
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 895

End of Life Planning

However, if the care is expensive, and it is clear that I will not make it, I do not want my family to spend their money to prolong my life by a few days or [...]
  • Subjects: Life Philosophy
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 589

Importance of Ethics on Organisms

The implication of the consequentialism approach is that individuals should practice only those actions that give just, assertive, and ethical products, which do not compromise the lives of other organisms.
  • Subjects: Life Philosophy
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1443

Descartes’ “Discourse on the Method”

In the conclusion of the fourth part of Discourse on Method lies Descartes' paradoxical assertion that the whole process of systematic and rational deduction is based on our assured knowledge of God, however, in the [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Religion
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 609

Foresight Theory and Practice

The picture depicts a city of the future as seen in the middle of the 20th century. Slaughter claims that people of the 21st century tend to see the future society as dystopian.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 496

Socrates and His Methods

Inconsistencies in responses lead to a determination of truth of earlier statements; in short a question is broken down to a series of smaller questions in order to ultimately arrive at a more refined for [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophers
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1204

Chapters 1-3 of “After Capitalism” by Schweickart

According to the author, moral and pragmatic failures of capitalism are vividly evident in the modern world. In order to comprehend these lessons, it is necessary to compare and contrast socialism both in the 20th [...]
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 833

Justice: A Natural Law or a Social Construction?

In the end, both Hobbes and Locke come to agree on a rather plan ground that, in the state of nature, human behaviors are supposed to be guided by the laws of nature.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1378

Frantz Fanon’s Philosophy: Africana Critical Thought

First of all, the existential component of Fanon's philosophy was expressed in the attempt to analyze the essential aspects of existence from the perspective of human beings as not only thinking subjects but also subjects [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 840

Positivist and Critical Paradigms

For example, the expected degradation of the environment in the Mackenzie delta was linked to the construction of a pipeline in the region.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1023

Philosophical Perspectives in 20th Century

Determinism takes the position that everything which happens is supposed to happen only in that way and not in any other because everything is planned before and ours is just to follow the programming of [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Concept
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1170

Organized Terrorism Against Government Leaders

These unchecked and unpredictable powers contributed to the amassing of wealth by this authority and the continual suffering of the Russian peasant class.
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 2164

Immanuel Kant’s Philosophy of Knowledge and Judgement

Kant's notion on the possibility of knowledge of an objective realm reducing to the possibility of a priori synthetic judgment is explained by his interest in necessary truth, the theory of a priori, and necessity.
  • 5
  • Subjects: Philosophers
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1863

John Stuart Mill’s Happiness Philosophy

Consequently, the outcome of a course of action that is on the course of being undertaken or is to be undertaken lies in the value of the outcome.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 615

Teleological Argument of William Paley

Nowadays, people are more accustomed to the thought that it is possible, but it is still obvious that people had nothing to do with the creation of the world of animals.
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Religion
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 805

Stoicism Employed in Ancient Rome

Remus and Romulus were twins, the children of Rhea and Mars. Romans argue that their republic developed based on a mythical story of the Romulus and Remus.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Concept
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 635

Moral and Contemporary Philosophy

The philosophical utilitarianism view explains why morality is everybody's concern and elucidates the "nature of the reasons" behind any moral act.
  • Subjects: Ethical Philosophy
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 2069

Plato and Socrates on the Ideal Leader’s Virtues

In the context of a community, different factors contribute to the definition of this ultimate success. This is important, as people in the community will stand a chance to achieve the higher statuses that they [...]
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 929

Philosophy: First Meditation of René Descartes

In doing this, he sets out on a planned course; to recall all he had believed as true, examine the reasons that made him doubt them, and to consider what to continue believing.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1703

Jurgen Habermas, the Frankfurt School Thinker

After scrutinizing the past of the public sphere, Herbamas establishes that there was no between the public and the private spheres, because of the class groupings by the feudal government. He views the liberal model [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophers
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 2038

John Locke’s vs. Malcolm X’s Political Philosophy

In the context of Malcolm X's view, the American war for independence underpins the notion that American society awaits another fight for the liberation of the black community.
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 1
  • Words: 399

Early Greek Philosophical Ideas About Reality

Heraclitus's argument on the non-existence of reality is a contradiction of anything that is perceived as permanent. Plato argues that people can now the Forms as a way of deriving absolute truth and becoming wise.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 694

Phenomenology: Zhuangzi’s Transformation of Things

As it was mentioned in the Introduction, the belief that it is one's psyche, which 'fuels' the functioning of his or her body, used to be considered utterly appealing by many people, throughout the course [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1446

Scientific Progress and Truth Seeking

The first approach is the epistemic view which considers knowledge to be crucial for humanity in the understanding of the progress.
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Science
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 899

Black Death of Archbishop and Scientific Progress

The death led to the development of potential domains in modern medicine. His closeness to the king would have contributed to the rapid development of science.
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Science
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 241

“Kant: The Need for Reason to Dominate” by Kupperman

It is because of the prior experiences or truths that the passenger has already structured about the truth before knowing the truth. The third is the Critique of Judgement, and that is another important aspect [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 1
  • Words: 320

The Philosophy Arguments of God Existence

He argues that human beings may not know the identity or the capability of the being that made the watch, but this does not negate the very existence of that being.
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Religion
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1283

Where Kami Can Possibly Lurk?

Speaking of my own experience of meeting a kami, I must admit that in my life, the presence of kami could be spotted in the cases when I had to make complicated life choices.
  • Subjects: Life Philosophy
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 594

“Open Boat” and “To Build A Fire” Comparison

Similar to the theme of natural forces, in 'The Open Boat,' Crane describes the plight of four men who have been shipwrecked and are isolated on the ocean in a tiny dinghy.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 304

Socrates’ Ideas in an Interview with a Wise Man

From the standpoint of proactiveness and the willingness to change the world for the better, the specified approach toward managing complex issues might be seen as the sign of weakness.
  • Subjects: Life Philosophy
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 570

Legislative Power, Natural Law and Social Contract

As such, people should not be given more power in a society with the help of exercising legislative power, according to Locke, than they had in a natural state when they enjoyed no power.
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 810

Dualism in Religion and Science Nowadays

The term "dualism" the most often associates with the name of the French scientist and philosopher Rene Descartes who discussed the difference between mind and matter in his works.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Concept
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 856

Justice and Ideal Society in Plato’s Republic

Thrasymachus argues that the moral values in the society are a complete reflection of the interests of the ruling group and not the society as a whole.
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1562

Plato’s and Aristotle’s Philosophical Differences

According to Plato, the functioning of every human being is closely linked to the entire society. Therefore, the major difference here is that for Plato, the function of every individual is to improve the entire [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophers
  • Pages: 1
  • Words: 164

Life Meaning in Albert Camus’s Philosophy

Therefore, one's decision to end its life should be discussed within the context of how he or she strives to defy existence's absurdist essence: "The subject of this essay is precisely this relationship between absurd [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1446

Truth Establishment Rules by Rene Descartes

The advantage of this thinking is that it puts a person to the task to ensure that they have done all possible research before calling something as truth.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 629

Philosophical Discipline: Theory of Knowledge

A good approach to tackling the idea of "justified true belief" would be by starting with the introduction of the Theory of knowledge, a philosophic discipline from the dialogues of Plato in his endeavour to [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Concept
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 614

Functionalism Today in Putnam’s Perspectives

Nowadays, millions of people are interested in developing discussions about the role of the philosophy of mind in human behaviour, the quality of the relationships between mind and brain, and the way of how the [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 1988

Stoicism in History and Present-Day Reality

Not many of the old philosophical schools had means to resist the progress and survive through the development of science. The period around 300 BC in Greece is characterized by the blossom and thriving of [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1395

Plato’s Apology of Socrates

He says that he is not a sophist or physicalist, he is not irreverent, and he does not corrupt the youth.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 400

Philosophy of Scientific Knowledge

This issue leads us to the necessity of defining something within the scope of the experiment while leaving out the areas not covered by it. What are the values these principles bring to the field [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Science
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 659

Death Awareness Effects on Self-Realization

The notion of being prepared for what is to come is naturally linked to self-realization in the sense that people consciously try to achieve as much as possible in the period of life before life [...]
  • Subjects: Life Philosophy
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1153

Marxism Philosophy of the Nineteenth Century

The Marxism philosophy is the brainchild of Karl Marx with the assistance of Friedrich Engels in the mid-nineteenth century. One of the core ideologies behind the concept of Marxism is that of social reality.
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1394

The Highest Power in Lao-Tsu’s Teaching

The principles of the highest good were designed to help people in achieving success in self-development as the right being and reaching the main goal of life to become closer to the highest good, which [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Concept
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1212

The Highest Good in Tao Te Ching’s Teaching

In addition to the aforementioned comparison of the 'highest good' in both Christianity and Confucianism, the underlying aspect that is being highlighted in this Taoist teaching is the approach used and the relationship that exists [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Concept
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1073

The Role of Law in State-Building

The introduction of the rule of law is an integral part of state-building. Their importance in state building is to ensure that the actions of both leaders and citizens are controlled.
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1644

Presentism Ideas in Philosophy

The ideas of presentism can be called rather limited since it is probably not fully correct to look at the world system only from the standpoint of the present time.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 1
  • Words: 340

Death of the Historical Buddha in Zen Buddhism

The hanging scroll Death of the Historical Buddha is a perfect example of an idiosyncratic subgenre of the nirvana images, which permeated Japanese art in the sixth century after the adoption of Buddhism.[4] The composition [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Religion
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1676

Anarchism and Thomas Hobbes’s Ideas

The ideas of Thomas Hobbes concerning the organization of the society are based on the social contract theory and a set of arguments about human nature that majorly contradict the ideas of anarchism.
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 805

Political Necessity to Safeguard Freedom

He determined that the existence of the declared principles on which the fundamental structure of equality is based, as well as the institutions that monitor their observance, is the critical prerequisite for social justice and [...]
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 845

Filial Piety in Zen Buddhist Discursive Paradigm

Nevertheless, there appears to have been a phenomenological quality to the development in question, because during the initial phase of Buddhism's expansion into China this concept used to be commonly regarded contradictory to the religion's [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Religion
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 1902

Daoism’s Influence on Chan Buddhism in China

To comprehend the connection between Daoism and Buddhism and the possible influence of the former on the latter, it is expected to identify the main concepts of Taoism in Chinese philosophy and culture first.
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Religion
  • Pages: 7
  • Words: 1885

Ontology and Epistemology in Leadership Research

In the frames of this research on leadership as a practice, it is impossible to clarify what has been already known, what could be expected, and what lessons could be offered. It is a practice [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Science
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1406

Rights and Self-Consciousness

In order to show how the deductive method based on Descartes' theory of human consciousness looks, it is possible to apply it on the example of a computer to prove that an inanimate organism has [...]
  • Subjects: Life Philosophy
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1420

Role of Friend in Self-Knowledge

The reason for this is that one's very presence in the company of friends, establishes the objective preconditions for him/her to be willing to engage with these individuals verbally.
  • Subjects: Life Philosophy
  • Pages: 9
  • Words: 2484

“The Grand Inquisitor” on the Nature of Man

The philosophical concepts of the nature of man presented by the author as a part of this narrative reflect the atheistic ideas of the major political movements that were popular at that time in Russia.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 682

Will’s Role in the Meaning of Life

Such an assumption actually sounds reasonable if we reconsider the fact of our very existence and admit that an individual is only a container for the Will, which is the true representation of the human.
  • Subjects: Life Philosophy
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1134

Views on the Human Being by Zhuangzi

The optimal state is the state of acceptance of seemingly opposite things as one: life and death, beginning and end, right and wrong.
  • Subjects: Life Philosophy
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 838

Governmental Power: Luther’s Speech

The power that ruled America suppressed the minority despite the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 that all slaves had the freedom to enjoy America's citizenship.
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 565

Classical Example of a Jerk

Being a jerk means being disrespectful to the needs of other people, and the opinion of Polemarchus proves that it has nothing to do with justice.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Concept
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 999

Educational Research of Philosophy

Therefore, it is necessary to consider the following questions in the class: What theory of truth should be used by educational researchers?
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Science
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 581

Why Is Death Bad?

The common agreement among societies and individuals across the world is that death is not a pleasant thing. To begin with, Rogers acknowledges that death is painful and capable of affecting the lives of many [...]
  • Subjects: Life Philosophy
  • Pages: 5
  • Words: 1380

“What’s the Right Thing to Do?” by Michael Sandel

For example, in the scenario where a large group of people takes an action that puts a smaller group at a disadvantage in order to address the needs of the larger group, the action in [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Theories
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 575

The Logic of Modern Physics

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the writings of these three scholars and generate three questions that can be discussed in class.
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Science
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 580

Rene Descartes and David Hume: Nature of Knowledge

Probably the main discursive aspect of Descartes' view on the nature of knowledge is that, according to the philosopher, it is indeed possible for a person to attain a thoroughly adequate understanding of the surrounding [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Science
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 985

Civil Liberties vs Security

However, can these theories explain the increasing number of state terrorism, use of torture to counter terrorism, and curtailing of liberty in the name of counterintelligence? The problem man faced in the state of nature, [...]
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1739

Hinduism Philosophy in “The Upanishads”

The following paper will discuss the relationship between Atman and Brahman in "The Upanishads", observe the tractate's perspective regarding pantheism or panentheism, and explain differences between both higher and lower selves to prove that the [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 866

The Concepts of Death and Afterlife in Religious Beliefs

I find it most interesting how human societies tend to come up with the idea of the temporal nature of death due to the cycles of seasons and the day and night that they witnessed [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Religion
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1185

Philosophical Views: Faith vs. Science

It is important to look at some of the philosophical views and philosophers that supported the concept of faith, science or both.
  • Subjects: Philosophy of Science
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1124

Morality of Friedrich Nietzsche and Alasdair MacIntyre

Self-deception is the nature of moral judgments because relying on a set of rules that is universal for everyone, regardless of how limiting, presupposes the control over the people's actions and the security of the [...]
  • 5
  • Subjects: Ethical Philosophy
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1813

Professional and Business Ethics

The primary objective of the project is to investigate the aspects of this philosophical approach applied to ethics and use it for analyzing real-life examples of actors operating in professional and business environments.
  • Subjects: Ethical Philosophy
  • Pages: 9
  • Words: 2492

Professional and Business Ethics: Basic Issues

Kant's second formulation encourages people to treat each other with respect and not to make use of each other because a person is to be valued and not the things he or she can do [...]
  • Subjects: Ethical Philosophy
  • Pages: 9
  • Words: 2598

Mind-Body in Cartesian Dualism and Darwinian Monism

From this perspective, the relationship between body and mind can be compared to an aircraft and a pilot; although autopilot technologies are advanced, a successful flight is still impossible without the guidance of the human [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophical Concept
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 574

“Walled States, Waning Sovereignty” by Wendy Brown

This book is about the classical and the present political theories of national sovereignty, which are meant to understand the ways in which states power and their national identity persevere in conjunction with the declines.
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 8
  • Words: 2223

Puzzles in Plato’s Philosophical Work

Therefore, to conclusively draw his philosophical views, it is paramount that we take what the characters say to represent Plato's stance and view of the world.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 3
  • Words: 805

Introduction to Philosophy by Thomas Nagel

According to the author, the proposed method can offer practical solutions to the nine problems. The book argues that the main disquiet of philosophy is to offer questions and respond to them.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Works
  • Pages: 6
  • Words: 1528

Delicate Web of Civilization Development

Thus, the specific approach toward nature, the perception of it as a resource that could be exploited and that is not a part of the society led to the development of capitalism.
  • Subjects: Political Philosophies
  • Pages: 9
  • Words: 2491

Examined Life in Plato’s and Conners’ Works

We should say that Platos Allegory of the Cave could be used to prove the importance of an examined life and the role a person living according to this principle might play in the community.
  • Subjects: Philosophical Concept
  • Pages: 2
  • Words: 640

Rene Descartes’ Ontological Reasoning

One of the branches of his ontological thought was the discussion of the existence of God. The purpose of this paper is review and analyze the arguments Rene Descartes provided to evidence the existence of [...]
  • Subjects: Philosophers
  • Pages: 4
  • Words: 1116