Pharmacology Essay Examples and Topics. Page 2

Pharmacokinetics is defined in the following way it is "the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion".

It further brings into detail the normal routes of exposure of fentanyl compounds in the area of the rising cases of the opioid and regulatory framework.

Analgesic activity is caused by the excitation of opiate receptors in different parts of CNS and peripheral tissues, leading to stimulation of the antinociceptive system and a change of emotional perception of pain.

The key features that result in successful community-based intervention on drug abuse are integrated for effectiveness and efficiency. On the other hand, drug abuse refers to the consumption of substances that elicit particular feelings and [...]

It is the responsibility of the Federal Drug Administration to ensure the regulation concerning the buying and the distribution aspect of the entities to reduce the risk of misuse.

It is important to consult a specialist before taking the pills because the overdose effect might be irreparable. As the pill should be taken several times a day, the dose can be reviewed and increased [...]

Patients on these drugs need awareness of the side effects of the drugs, which include nausea, shortness of breath, chest pains, and impact on different organs like the kidney, liver, lungs, and thyroids. The drugs [...]

As such, the healthcare provider will apply the findings of the genetic test to alter the treatment plan. Therefore, it will be possible to learn and clarify the particular characteristics of the group under study [...]

The planners have also outlined the stakeholders of the program and their roles in developing the program. The activities of the program are organized in a very clear and logical manner.

The reduced synthesis of prostaglandins prevents the brain from receiving information of pain and inflammation while the reduced synthesis of thromboxanes hinders the formation of blood clots.

Taking into account the fact that the specialist is not able to prescribe the medicine or a sort of treatment if he/she is not sure in the positive effect it might have on the health [...]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the daily activities and experiences of pharmacists and discuss the process of filling prescriptions, clarifying the orders, determining omissions and medication errors, and prescribing the 'prior authorization' [...]

They compute dosage calculations and give the rates and volumes of drug administration thus reducing the probability of medication errors occurring. The documentation of medication should be precise, clear, and distinct for each type of [...]

On the other hand, as compared to vitamin supplements, overdose complications of mineral supplements are worse because the majority of them result in organic failures in the body functioning.

This paper will compare and contrast the main mechanism of action, the effect on the user, and the withdrawal symptoms of these categories of drugs.

Hence, the law on Prescription Drug Importation Programs addresses an urgent issue of the U.S.and provides access to medications, which were previously unaffordable for some social groups.

The treatment of depression has greatly revolutionized since the development of tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the 1950s. In the brain, it inhibits the NMDA receptors and isoforms of NOS.

It is challenging to determine which class of drugs supersede the other as there is minimal clinical evidence of the safety of OTC drugs.

As much as impotence and delayed ejaculation can be a symptom of major depression; it can also be a side effect for the medication used to treat this illness, which in this case, is paroxetine.

Although it can develop at any age, the median age at onset is 32. It is more common in women than men.

In a study, pediatric patients with histories of allergic reactions to amoxicillin were tested with the antibiotic. In a recent study, allergists observed that patients, especially children, with amoxicillin-associated allergic reactions became non-allergic when rechallenged [...]

Knowledge and analysis of the side effects of medical drugs allow the doctors to choose medication, the benefits of which would significantly outweigh the potential harm to the patient.

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved the medication for the disorder. The drug is safe, tolerable, and effective in treating the disorder in both adults and adolescents.

In conclusion, consumers' bias towards the pharmaceutical industry is fair as companies virtually deprive them of their choice and the ability to influence products.

With age, there is a tendency for the liver's metabolic capacity to decrease, which may affect the ability to excrete therapeutic agents and chemicals from the environment.

The external ones include the ambient temperature, the solubility of drugs, their isomerism and polarity, as well as the intake of medicines into the body, including the dosage form, the method and duration of administration, [...]

The physiologic response to using opioids consists of sedative and analgesic effects, which result in euphoria and a relaxed state. For instance, mu receptors are responsible for the pleasurable effects of opioids and their capacity [...]

For the development of a new formula for crizotinib to be applied in the pediatric population, the focus of clinical trials should be on Phase II and Phase III.

Given that the dose administrated to the patient in the described case was normal for her age and weight but resulted in the symptoms of intoxication, it may be concluded that the patient was an [...]

Despite the increasing abundance of prescription substances produced by the present pharmaceutical industry, the number of drugs that can be used for recreational purposes is minimal.

Therefore, turmeric might react with the anti-clotting drugs increasing the time taken for blood to clot. Therefore, when turmeric is used with some other drugs it might cause adverse effects to a patient.

A drug can look like a sanitizer based on the alcohol content contained in the drug, as well as the ingredients that are used in its manufacture.

Often, other manifestations involve difficulty to concentrate and engage in usual activities, impairment of sleep and appetite, reduction of self-esteem and libido, and the increase in the feeling of guilt.

The participants must also be willing to remain in the study for the duration of the experiments and consent to the drugs' use.

After, one needs to insert the needle into the vial and push the plunger until the air is emptied into the syringe because it helps to balance the draw up of insulin due to pressure [...]

High doses of cytarabine are usually associated with keratitis, possible dose-limiting myelosuppression and irreversible 7% to 28% incidence of neurotoxicity.

The purpose of this presentation is to examine the pharmacology and pharmacological effects of popular anorexiant substances.

Growth hormone (GH) is produced in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This hormone plays an essential role in metabolism and reproduction.

The most common signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis are the stiffness in joints, the weakness in muscles, pain, and the enlargement or swelling of bones.

Payments provided to doctors by drug companies negatively influence the quality of drugs and may lead to the overprescription of such opioids.

Purdue launched a company to promote the use of OxyContin based on the potential safety of the drugs, explained with the improved method of active pharmaceutical ingredient releasing.

Specifically, in 2004, the EMA published a report testifying about the harm related to the off-label use of a drug for children.

The severity of the patient's state is also the reason for the four-week treatment period, as this length is recommended by Farthing and Ballinger.

According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada, clomiphene citrate is the best agent for the treatment of PCOS with regard to manifestations of infertility.

Diuretics use the kidneys to increase the amount of salt in the urine. The high quantities of sodium help in reducing the amount of liquid in the blood vessels, thus easing the pressure felt in [...]

Thus, the most significant areas are the use of poly as a means to create a film-coating structure of drug capsules, the cover of metal medical instruments to increase biocompatibility with soft tissues of the [...]

Primary objectives of clinical PK encompass the improvement of efficacy and reduction of the toxicity of the drug therapy of a patient.

I am willing to continue my education and become involved in a fascinating career path to be a part of the establishment of the new pharmacy services regarding the existing emergency climate.

A pharmacist is a specialist in the manufacture, research, and sale of drugs. This makes the profession of a pharmacist extremely suitable for me.

The purpose of the third research is to evaluate the prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescriptions in people aged 65 to 74 years with multimorbidity and polypharmacy, according to different criteria.

For instance, consumption of alcohol and smoking can affect drug metabolism in the body forcing the patient to take multiple drugs to manage the conditions.

Myalgia, in this case, was caused by the destruction of muscle tissue in the area and the release of cell components into the bloodstream.

The following were the objectives of this experiment: To determine the effectiveness of Taxol in inhibiting breast cancer cells and ovarian cancer cells using culture method.

This is done for the purpose of shipping the supplies to the poorer countries, which are unable to support the working and proper conditions in their hospitals.

Xopenex is the respiratory drug discussed in this paper. According to the trading name for this drug is Xopenex.

This depicted the clinical effectiveness of fentanyl in old patients than in young patients. Administration of high doses of fentanyl, also, leads to its accumulation in muscles and fats where the circulation is prolonged.

However, it assisted the body to respond positively to the amount of insulin produced in the body itself, to reduce the amount of glucose produced by the liver, and reduce the absorption of sugar from [...]

In addition, the process of identifying and validating new drug targets is of immense importance in drug discovery in the pharmaceutical line.

The drug has the effect of depressing the respiratory center, constricting the pupils, as well as depressing the cough reflex. The remainder 75% of fentanyl is swallowed and absorbed in G-tract.

The creation of new policies that promote generic drugs is leading to the American pharmaceutical industry investing heavily in generic drugs, and abandoning research and development of branded drugs.

A national drug policy is a commitment to a goal and guide for action that involves a complex course of development, implementation, as well as monitoring.

The American Association for Clinical Chemistry defines Pharmacogenomics as "the study of how drugs are metabolized in the body and the variations in the genes that produce the metabolizing enzymes".

This causes a fall in the volume of the blood which returns to the heart. First, it is associated with dizziness which is brought about by a sudden drop in the blood pressure.

Scientist Reverend Edmund explained the success of the willow tree used in the treatment of fevers and pain reliever by using the bark of the tree.

This is concerning the number of reported cases as well as the level of severity of the side effects that have been reported over chromium.

If the pain is caused by the activation of the nociceptive system which is a result of tissue injury, then the pain can be said to be nociceptive.Mr.

The fast improvements and growths of metabonomic-, proteomic-, and genomic-based technologies have increased the use of gene expression for identifying the impacts of chemical and other natural stressors on the organic structure.

Currently, the interest in monitoring and prescription drug evaluation is on the process of premarketing approval and the duration taken before the drug is approved by FDA.

Insulin production in bacteria is a biotechnology application with great significance to human health. Recombinant DNA technology application in pharmaceutical production specifically in insulin production in bacteria is a widely applied biotechnology.

However, this was not the case as the patient was only monitored for the blood pressure and the saturation of oxygen without monitoring the pulse rate and the breathing rhythm.

Build-up of steroids in the system may lead to cardiovascular complications, renal failure, and hypertension. Steroids also reduce muscle damage and increase pain in tolerance and modification of behavior.

The system of value guarantee for the manufacturing of pharmaceutical goods should make sure the preparations are made for the manufacture, distribution and use of the right preliminary and packaging materials.

This article provides an insight to the effects of chemotherapy treatment to the body of the cancer victims. It defines the drug in a lengthy way including what the drug is, the effects of taking [...]

Benzodiazepines are drugs that are normally administered to ease anxiety and they also help in sleeping. Benzos are extensively prescribed, they include; Clonazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam, and diazepam.

One of the potential shortcomings of the TGN1412 trial appears to be the fact that the trials were undertaken based on available data in the research file which was in adequate to allow the trials [...]

However, the recent tendencies of the inner policy of the company are specializing around marketing the products outside of the country.

The kidneys appear to play a key role in the extrahepatic metabolism of morphine and account for about 40% of its clearance.

I would also have explained to the professor that the error made was not in any way intentional and that it would not be repeated in the future.

Before administration of the drug, renal function must be assessed because; the drug is eliminated through the renal system. It is effective in the treatment of unstable and prinzmetal angina.

All the traditional agents have shown to have several side effects and cannot be fully relied on in treatment of PTSD.

Economists argue that, direct-to-consumer advertisement has contributed to the growth of both pharmaceutical and media industries, for example from the year 1980 to the year 1997, the amount spent on DTCPA had increased from 12 [...]

The government claims to do the best for the citizens and provides them with various programs that are created to be beneficial for the general public, especially for the vulnerable populations, but is it so?

When the impulses get to the end of the neuron, an area referred to as the synapses, they are converted to chemical signals.

Therefore, the absorption of most prodrugs is modified to match the anticipated action of the active drug. The biostability of prodrugs is influenced by the ease with which enzymes act on the prodrug to liberate [...]

Considering the way the physicians are encountering several dilemmas in the use of commercially available FDA-approved treatment drugs and recommending medicines specifically tailored to meet the special medical needs of individual patients, trends and the [...]

One of the leading over-the-counter drugs with the highest sales is aspirin. Indicated below is the chemical structure of aspirin:

Due to the debilitating nature of viral diseases, scientists have developed ways to ameliorate and alleviate their impact by developing vaccines and antivirals.

For instance, one can speak about the excessive use of antibiotics for the treatment of various diseases. Additionally, this problem can be explained by the agricultural uses of antibiotics for growth purposes.

For this reason and under the intellectual property rights, he, therefore, has a claim to the invention of the drug in question. The company could also surrender the copyrights to John as a way of [...]

Some of the pros related to the agents are easy administration, minimized side effects, and effectiveness. Expert medical advice helps individuals to make wise buying decisions and use the acid-reducing agents properly.

The condition often leads to a rapid disintegration of the skeletal muscles, which causes the muscle tissues to circulate in the blood.

The condition results from the inheritance of an unusual sickle cell gene, which is accountable for the production of hemoglobin S that replaces the normal hemoglobin.

Since time immemorial humans have learned how to use plants as a critical component of traditional medicine. However, advances in science and technology made it more efficient to replace plant-based medicines with drugs that contain a pure chemical entity. Nonetheless, satisfactory treatments are not available for certain diseases. For example, conventional medicines are unable to […]

Classification of antimicrobial agents is based on the type of microorganism that the agents are effective against, their mode of action and the magnitude of susceptible organisms.

However, many of them suspect defects in the pain mechanism of the body, problems in the central nervous system and abnormalities in muscles.

EM is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and the doctor advises him to take the prescribed drugs, but to keep of alcohol, due to its negative reactionary effects with medications.

The first one involves the building of the effects when the body is adjusting to the drug. The second level pertains to the sustained feeling for as long as the concentration of the drug is [...]

Initial studies of this disease focussed on keratinocyte hyperproliferation; however, recent studies are exploring the possibilities of the role played by the body's immune system in triggering the occurrence of the disease. The process is [...]

An estimated 40%-63% variability in warfarin dose therapy is attributed to VKORCI mutation from the combination of the *2 and *3 CYP2C9 variants.

Since the discovery of the role of genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism in the 1980s, the genes that encode for drug-metabolizing enzymes, including CYP2D6, have been cloned in vitro.

The use of penicillin is largely restricted to the treatment of gram-negative bacteria. The drug is hydrolyzed to form penicillin G.

In conclusion, the appropriateness of RCT, both in the context of the study by Rai et al.and in the general medical research, is analysed.

Antacids are instrumental in treatment of constipation and other forms of abdominal complications. Proper knowledge of medical complications accords opportunity for individuals to understand and decide on purchase and use of antacids.

The pharmacokinetics of CsA vary depending on the form in which the drug is administered. Renal transplant patients also benefit from the use of CsA.

In this paper, the author provides a critical analysis of the reimbursement of drug expenses in Canada. To achieve this objective, the author will compare the prescription drug plans in various provinces in the country.

It is important to carry out the cleavage of the resultant protein after a process of His-tag purification as the product may be having a myriad of proteins including raw lysate that originates from the [...]

The main negative effect of the drug is that it is allergic to some people. Other effects are very dangerous and it is advisable to stop taking the drug immediately in case one of them [...]

General anaesthetic drugs have the ability to stimulate the vomiting centre in the brain, which explains the feeling of vomiting experienced by the patient.

However, patients must also be incorporated into these awareness campaigns since a significant number of injuries and deaths from drug use occur due to their failure to use medications in the correct manner.

The presence of Morphine activates the G-protein and this is important for it to elicit its effect within the cell. A small amount of morphine components is excreted in the bile.

Firstly, Calcium channel blockers; these drugs slow down the movement of calcium in the heart and blood vessel cells making the blood vessels relax, increasing the supply of oxygenated blood into the heart, and thus [...]

In this article, Carthwaite tries to bring out the economic value of drugs in the enhancement of the quality of life.

The Food and Drug Administration re-approval of the restricted use of Lotronex by women with severe diarrhea condition was because of the potential benefits of the drug over its adverse effects.

It is common for antibiotics to be prescribed for the treatment of viral infections like flu, colds or gastroenteritis. Other interventions should be considered first such as boosting the immune system before resorting to use [...]

When using the E-prescribing method all that doctors are required to do is to enter drug prescriptions in a computer that should be in their offices, after which this information is relayed to the pharmacy [...]

This is because the paper relays the findings of a specialized study on the topic in question. This is because the contents of this center on data collected within the four-year period within which the [...]

This paper critically analyzes the findings of a research presented in the article "Association of suicide attempts with acne and treatment with isotretinoin: retrospective Swedish cohort study" where the link between the patients using isotretinoin [...]

The research aims to provide a reliable meta-analysis of the researchers dedicated to the application of EMLA creams for decreasing Venipuncture and Intravenous insertion pain.

Due to high concentration of the drug in phagocyte cells, it is mediated through active transport to infected cells. It is used to treat various bacterial infections of the skin and respiratory tract.

The genetic factor attached to family lines also plays a very important role in the cause of depression. The desire to achieve the best through seeking utmost perfection in one's undertaking is a known cause [...]